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POLITICAL  -^^  CONSTITUTIONAL 

HISTORY 


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0/  a  Course  of  Lectures  delivered  at  Cornell  University ^ 
July-August^  ig02 


BY 


GEORGE    ELLIOTT    HOWARD 


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PUBLISHED    BY    THE    UNIVERSITY 
ITHACA,    1902 


ENGLISH 
POLITICAL  --  CONSTITUTIONAL 

HISTORY 


1600=  1900 


Spllabue 

Of  a  Course  of  Lectures  delivered  at  Cornell  University ^ 
fuly- August^  I  go  2 


BY 


GEORGE    ELLIOTT    HOWARD 


PUBLISHED    BY    THE    UNIVERSITY 
ITHACA,    1902 


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The  Co-operative  Press,  114  Austin  St. 
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ENGLISH  POLITICAL  AND  CONSTITUTIONAL 

HISTORY. 


CHAPTER   I. 


The    Overthrow    of    the    Rotal    Prerogative    and    the 
Establishment  of  Responsible  Government,  1603-1760. 


Sect.  I.     The  Beginnings   of   the   Puritan   Revolution   under 
James  I,   1603-25. 

I.  The  outlook  at  the  commencement  of   the    reign    (Gardiner, 
Puritan  Revolution^  1-12  ;  Green,  III,  ch.  I). 

1.  Pacific  tendencies. 

a.     In  England:  reaction  after  the  Armada  (1688). 

h.  On  the  Continent  :  Peace  between  Spain  and 
France  at  Vervins,  1598  ;  condition  of  the 
Netherlands  ;  state  of  Germany. 

c.     Decline  of  Cartwright  Presbyterianism. 

2.  State  of  religious  parties. 

a.  Puritanism  and  its  significance  (see  Green;  also 

Goodwin,  Pilgrim  Republic). 

b.  Rise  of  Arminianism. 

II.  Accession  of  James  I. 

1.  James'  descent  and  claim  to  the  throne. 

2.  Character   of   James :    physically   and    intellectually  a 

contrast  to  the  Tudors  (Green,  III,  55  ff). 

3.  Influence  of   James'  experience   in  Scotland  ;  influence 

of  Knox  ;  Andrew  Melville  ;  James  and  the  Kirk. 

4.  Pedantry  of  James  (Green,  III,  55  ff.) 

III.  James  and  the  Puritans. 

1.     The   Hampton   Court  Conference,  Jan.  1604  (Gee  and 
Hardy,  512). 
a.     Its    purpose:  the   "  Millenarv   Petition"   (Lee, 
338-41 ;  Gee  and  Hardy,  508). 


239435 


b.  Proceedings  :  conduct  of  the  King. 

c.  Results. 

2.  Attitude  of  the  first  Parliament,  March,  1604. 

3.  The  new  canons  adopted  by  Convocation,  1604. 

4.  Character  of  Archbishop  Abbot,  1610. 

IV.  Janoes  and  the  Catholics. 

1.  What  the  Catholics  hoped  ;  James'  promises. 

2.  How  far  persecuted  and  repressed   under  James;  ban- 

ishment of  priests,  1604. 

3.  The  Gunpowder  Plot,  1604-1605. 

V.  James  and  his  first  two  Parliaments. 

1.  Parliament  of  1604-1611. 

a.  The  religious  question  (see  above). 

b.  The  question  of  union  with  Scotland :  the  Post 

JSTati,  1607. 

c.  The  new  impositions  and  the  proposed  '*  Great 

Contract " ;  decision  of  the  Court  of  Ex- 
chequer ;  the  Bate's  case ;  dissolution  of 
Parliament,  1611. 

d.  Bacon's  advice. 

2.  The  case  of  Prohibitions,  1607   (Adams  and  Stephens, 

332-4). 
8.     The  "  Addled  Parliament,"  1614. 

a.  Members. 

b.  Conduct  and  dissolution. 

REFERENCES. 

Source  Materials :  Adams  and  Stephens,  326  ff. ;  Lee,  335  ff. ;  Gee  and 
Hardy,  508  ff. ;  Colby,  177  ff. ;  Calendar  of  State  Papers  (James  1),  I-lII; 
Gardiner's  Parliamentary  Debates  in  1610  :  in  Camden  Society,  1862 ;  Wil- 
liams' Court  and  Times  of  James  /,  vol.  1;  Goodman's  Court  of  King  James 
J,  vol.  II  (original  letters);  Harleian  Miscellany^  III,  5-34  (Gunpowder 
Plot) ;  Rennet's  Complete  History,  V,  VI. 

Secondary  Authorities:  Gardiner,  Puritan  Bevolution,  1-20;  lb.,  Stti- 
dent's  History ^11^  481  ff. ;  lb.,  History  of  England.,  I,  II;  Ranke,  Hist,  of 
Englana^  I ;  Neal,  Puritans^  I,  227  ff. ;  Green,  III,  chaps,  i-iii ;  Hallam,  I,  283  ft'. ; 
Hume,  IV,  378  ff. ;  Lingard,  VII,  1  ff. ;  Wakeman,  The  Church  and  Puritans, 
62  ff. ;  Fisher,  Christian  Church,  394  ft".;  Fisher,  Beformation,  433  ft'.;  Haus- 
s,GY,  Beformation,  603  ff. ;  Gooch,  English  Democratic  Ideas.,  59  ff. ;  Taylor, 
II,  210  ff". ;  Bayne,  Chief  Actors,  27  ff". ;  Cordery  and  Phillpotts,  Jung^  and 
Commonwealth^  1  ft". ;  Ailiin,  3Iemoirs  of  the  Court  of  King  James  7,  vol.  1 ; 
Jesse,  Memoirs.,  I,  1-316 ;  Vaughan,  Memorials  of  the  Stuart  Dynasty.  I,  74 
ff. ;  lb.,  History  of  Eng.  under  the  House  of  Stuart,  I,  ff. ;  Harris,  Hist.  Account 
of  the  Life  and  Times  of  James  I;  and  the  works  of  Gerard,  Jardine,  and  Gar- 
diner on  the  Gunpowder  Plot. 


VI.  James  and  Lis  favorites  (Gardiner,  Puritan  Revolution^  25 
ff. ;  lb. ^  Spanish  Marriage^  l^\id^^^\m).  ^   ^ 

1.  Danger   of   the   Policy;    in   effect,  as  in   the  rel^n    of 

Edward  II,  the  curia  was  arrayed  against  the  camera 
(see  Stubbs,  on  Gaveston  and  the  Despensers). 

2.  Rise   and    character  of   Robert   Carr,    1613-16 ;  made 

Viscount  Rochester,  then  Earl  of  Somerset;  bis 
connection  with  the  Spanish  Marriage  project  (Gar- 
diner, Spanish  Marriage^  I,  15-29)  ;  he  distributes 
the  royal  patronage ;  the  murder  of  Sir  Thomas 
Overbury  and  Somerset's  fall. 

3.  Rise  and  character  of  George  Villiers ;  made  Viscount 

Villiers,  then  Earl,  Marquis,  Duke  of  Buckingham. 

VII.  James  and  the  Spanish  Marriage  (Gardiner,  Spanish  Mar- 
riage; Ib.t  Puritan  Revolution^  23-44). 

1.  Significance   of   James'  alliance   with  Spain  ;  effect  of 

the  contrast  to  Elizabeth's  policy  ;  effect  on  Puritans. 

2.  Relation  nf  the  alliance  to  the  Thirty  Years'  War :  was 

James'  peace  policy  wise  ?  His  vacillation  ;  loss 
of  the  Palatinate. 

3.  Project  to  marry  Prince  Henry  to  the  Infanta  Anna, 

1604,  and  to  the  Infanta  Maria,  1611  (Gardiner, 
Spanish  Marriage^  I,  6-7)  ;  coolness  with  Spain, 
1612. 

4.  Renewal  of  negotiations,  1617;  motives  of  James;  the 

demands  of  Spain  (Gardiner,  Spanish  Marriage,  I, 
29-30);  the  journey  to  Madrid,  1623  (Gardiner, 
Puritan  Revolution,  39-44). 

5.  Diplomacy  of  the  marriage ;  character  and   ability  of 

Digby ;  of  Sarmiento,  made  Count  of  Gondomar; 
of  Lerma,  Spanish  minister. 

VIII.  James  and  the  Constitution  (Hallam,  I,  chap.  vi). 

1.  Idea  of  his  own  prerogative  (Gardiner,  Puritan  Revo- 

lution., 27-8)  ;  Cowell's  Interpreter  (Hallam,  I, 
320-1). 

2.  The  clergy  teach    passive  obedienec  ;  the  Articuli  cleri 

1605  (Hallam,  I,  317-20). 

3.  The   fall  of   Chief   Justice   Coke  (Hallam,    I,    329-31, 

337-43). 

4.  Expedients  for  raising  money :  benevolences,  sale  of 

peerages,  of  monopolies  and  licenses ;  sale  of  new 
title  of  Baronet;  distraint  of  knighthood; 
impositions. 


5.  Revival    of   impeachments:    that   of    Mompesson    and 

others;  of   Bacon;  of   Middlesex;  punishment  of 
Floyd  (Hallara,  I,  353  ff.) 

6.  James  and  his  last  two  Parliaments,  1621-4. 

REFEllENCES. 

Source  Materials :  Adams  and  Stephens,  334  ff. ;  Lee,  341  ff. ;  Prothero, 
250  ff.;  Calendar  of  State  Papers  (James  I),  III-IV;  Cobbett's  Parliamen- 
tary History,  Williams'  Court  and  Times  of  James  I,  vols.  I,  II;  Gardi- 
ner's Notes  of  the  Debates  in  the  House  of  Lords,  1621 :  in  Camden  Soci- 
ety, 1870;  Proceedings  and  Debates  of  the  House  of  Commons,  1620-21  (Ox- 
ford, 1766)  ;  Gardiner's  translation  of  Francisco  de  Jesu's  El  hecho  de  los 
tratados  del  matrimonio :  in  Camden  Society^  1869 ;  various  papers  in 
Harleian  Miscellany,  III,  IV;  Rushworth,  Hist.  Collections!,  1-164;  Devon, 
Issues  of  the  Exchequer. 

Secondary  Authorities:  Gardiner,  Puritan  Bevolution,  20-44;  lb..  Stu- 
dents'History,  II,  S6~odl;  lb.,  SjMuish  Ma7'7iage,l,Il;  or  the  same  in  lb., 
History  of  England,  111,  IV;  Seeley,  Growth  oj  British  Policy,  I,  263  ff . ;  Hal- 
lam,  chap,  vi;  Green,  III,  81-121 ;  Hume,  IV,  425  ff. ;  Lingard,  VII,  1^7  ft*. ; 
Goldwin  Smith,  United  Kingdom,  I,  AO^  fl.;  Bright,  II,  581  ff. ;  Smith,  Hist. 
Par.,  I,  359;  Gneist,  Const.  History,  II,  232  ff. ;  Carlyle,  Historical  Sketches 
of  Notable  Persons;  Aikin,  Memoirs,  II;  the  works  of  Jesse  and  Vaughan 
as  above  cited. 


Sect.  II.     Charles  I.  and  His  First  Three  Parliaments, 

1625-1629. 

I.  Accession  of  Charles. 

1.  His  character  compared  with  that  of  James  I ;  his  rela- 

tion to  Buckingham. 

2.  How    embarrassed    by  his   compact    with   France    and 

others. 

a.  Promises  of  money. 

b.  Promises  of  toleration  for  Catholics. 

II.  The  first  parliament,  1625. 

1.  The    question    of    a    subsidy:    only    140,000    pounds 

granted. 

2.  Commons  express  lack  of   confidence  in  Buckingham  : 

dissolution. 

III.  Interval  between  first  and  second  parliaments,  1625-6. 

1.  The  Cadiz  fiasco,  1625. 

2.  Ships  loaned  to  France. 

3.  People  suspect  Buckingham  of    trying  to  involve  Eng- 

land in  war  with  France. 

4.  King  makes  the  leaders  of  the  Commons  sheritt's. 


IV.  The  second  Parliament,  1626.  ~^ 

1.  Leadership  of  John  Eliot;  character;  his  theory  oi  the 

supremacy  of  the  Commons. 

2.  Impeachment  of  Buckingham. 

a.  Eight  articles  of  impeachment. 

b.  King's  message   interdicting  impeachment :  dis- 

regarded. 

3.  Imprisonmet  of  Eliot  and  Digges  ;  Commons  resent  the 

violation  of  privilege  ;  King  releases  the  prisoners. 

4.  Imprisonment  of  the  Earl  of  Bristol  in  violation  of  the 

Lords'  privilege  (Hallam,  I,  371-3). 

V.  The  second  interval,  1626-7. 

1.  War   with    France;    failure  of   the   expedition  to  Rh^ 

(Gardiner,  Puritan  Revolution,  55-57). 

2.  The  "free  gift"  and  the  "forced  loan,"  1626. 

a.  Imprisonment    of   men    who    refused    the  loan ; 

impressment  of  others  for  the  navy. 

b.  The  "  Five  knights  "  case  before  the  King's  bench 

(Hallam,  I,  375-79;  Gardiner,  Documents^ 
pp.  xxii-iii ;  /6.,  Revolution^  57). 

c.  Billeting  soldiers  and  martial  law. 

VI.  The  Third  Parliament,  1628-9. 

1.  The  first  session,  1628. 

a.  The    Petition    of     Right :     text    (Adams    and 

Stephens,  339-42 ;  Gardiner,  Documents^  1-5; 
Creasy,  291  ff.)  ;  the  debate  (in  Creasy,  286 
ff.);  the  King's  assent;  importance  of  the 
statute. 

b.  The   King's  bad  faith   shown   in   his  conference 

with  the  judges  (Hallam,  I,  382-4). 

c.  The  Remonstrance  against  Tonnage  and  Pound- 

age (Gardiner,  Documents^  5-7;  Gardiner, 
Puritan  Revolution^  61-3). 

d.  King's  speech  at  the  prorogation,  June  26,  1628 

(Gardiner,  Documents,  8-9). 

2.  Interval  between  the  sessions. 

a.  Assassination   of   Buckingham,  August  23,  1628. 

b.  The    question   of  imposts :  Petition    of    Right 

vs.  the  Bate's  case  precedent. 

c.  Religious    difficulties ;     cases    of    Montagu    and 

Manwarring ;  rise  of  High  Church  principles; 
Sabbath  observance;  Arminian  controversy 
(Hallam,  386  ft'.) 

d.  The   King's   Declaration  (Gardiner,  Documents^ 

9-11). 


8 

3.     The  second  session. 

a.     Rolle's  privilege  ;  position  of  Pym. 

h.  Discussion  of  religious  innovations ;  resolutions 
of  the  sub-committee  of  the  Commons  (Gar- 
diner, Documents^  11-16). 

c.  Breach  with   the   King ;  the  Three   Resolutions, 

1629  (Gardiner,  Documents^  16-17). 

d.  King's  Declaration  showing  cause  of  the  dissolu- 

tion of   Third    Parliament  (Gardiner,    Docu- 
ments^ 17-31). 
VII.     Statesmanship  of  Eliot,  Pym,  and  Wentworth  compared. 

REFERENCES. 

Source  Materials:  Gardiner,  Documents^  pp.  xxi-xxvii,  1-31 ;  Adams  and 
Stephens,  339-46;  Lee,  348-52  (Petition  of  Right);  Calendar  of  State  Pa- 
pers (ChSirles  I),  I-III;  Rushworth,  Collections,  I,  165-691;  Statutes  of  the 
Realm,  V;  Gardiner's  Notes  of  the  Debates  in  the  House  of  Lords,  1624  and 
1626  :  in  Camden  Society,  1879 ;  his  Debates  in  the  House  of  Commons^  1625  : 
in  Camden  Society^  n.s.,  6,  1873 ;  his  Documents  Illustrating  the  Impeach- 
meyit  of  the  Duke  of  JBuckingham  in  1626 ;  in  Camden  Society,  n.s.,  45, 
1889 ;  Williams'  Court  and  Times  of  Charles  I;  Wliitelock's  Memorials,  1- 
14;  Harleian  Miscellany,  XII,  50-72. 

Secondary  Authorities :  Gardiner,  Puritan  Bevolution,  48-71;  76.,  Stu- 
dents' History,  II ;  Ih.,  Buckingham,  I,  II ;  or  the  same  in  76.,  Hist,  of  Eng- 
land, V,  VI;  Forster,  Eliot;  Ranke,  History  of  England,  I;  Gold  win  Smith, 
United'Kingdom,\,'^QS&.,  ^eoYey,  Growth  of  British  Policy,  I,  330  ff. ;  Hal- 
lam,  I,  chap,  vii;  Creasy,  Constitution,  280  ff. ;  Green,  III,  chap,  v;  Hume,  v, 
1  ff. ;  Lingard,  VII,  283  ff. ;  Ransome,  Constitution,  138  ff. ;  Taylor,  II,  253  ff. ; 
Bayne,  Chief  Actors,  103  ff.  (Henrietta  and  Buckingham),  149  ff.  (Charles  I)  ; 
Cordery  and  Phillpotts,  King  and  Commonwealth,  29  ff. ;  Guizot,  Eitg.  Revolu- 
tion, 79  ff. ;  Harris,  Hist.  Account  of  the  Life  and  Writings  of  Charles  /;  Jesse, 
Memoirs,  I,  317  ff. ;  II,  1-122  ;  Aiken,  Memoirs  of  the  Court  of  King  Charles  7; 
Vaughan,  Memorials  of  the  Stuart  Dynasty,  I,  350  ff. ;  lb..  Hist,  of  England 
under  the  House  of  Stuart,  1,204  ff . ;  Chancellor,  Life  of  Charles  I  (1600- 
1625)  ;  Neal,  Puritans,  I,  278  ff. ;  Masson,  Life  of  Milton,  I. 


Sect.  III.     The  Reign  of  Thorough  :    Unparliamentary 
Government,   1629-1640. 

I.     Four  years  of  preparation,  1629-1633. 

1.     Was  Charles  justifiable  in  the  attempt  to  rule  without 
Parliament;  his  proclamation. 

a.  Charles'  idea  of  his  prerogative  and  of   his  con- 

stitutional  powers   (Gardiner,  Puritan  Revo- 
lutioii,  71-3). 

b.  Narrowness  and  intolerance  of  the  Parliament  of 

1628-9. 


2.  The  ministers  of  Charles. 

a.  Treasurer    Weston  :    character  and  policy  ;~ex^ 

pedients  to  raise  money. 

b.  Laud,    bishop    of   London :    his  character ;   Star 

Chamber  sentences  ;  his  ecclesiastical  changes. 

c.  Wentworth,    president    of     the  Council    of    the 

North  ;  his  ideal  of  government. 

3.  Types  of  Anglican  clergy. 

a.     George  Herbert  (Gardiner,  Puritan  Revolution^ 

79). 
h.     Richard  Sibbes  (Gardiner,  80-1). 

4.  Prosecutions  of  Eliot,  Holies,  Valentine,  and  others  for 

conduct  in  Parliament. 
a.     The  question  of  freedom  of  speech  in  Parliament 

(Hallam,  I,  412.415). 
h.     Death    of    Sir  John    Eliot    (Forster,    Eliot,    II; 

Gardiner,  Puritan  Eevolutio7i,  70-1 ;  Hallam, 

1,415). 
c.     The  Act  of  1667  (Hallam,  I,  416). 

II.     Seven  years  of  Thorough,  1634-1640. 

1.  Administration  of  Archbishop  Laud. 

a.  Policy  and  character. 

b.  The    renewal    of   the  "  Declaration    of   Sports," 

1633  (see  Gardiner,  Documents,  31-5). 

c.  The    Communion    Table  (Gardiner,    Documents, 

35-7,  Act  of  the  Privy  Council). 

d.  Laud's  use  of  ceremonial  (Hume,  IV,  chap.  32). 

e.  Sentence  of  Prynne,  1634;  his  "  Histriomastix." 
/.     The  metropolitical  visitation,  1634. 

2.  Civil  administration. 

a.  Forest  Courts  (Hallam,  I,  503;  Gardiner,  PuiH- 

tan  Revolution,  90). 

b.  Monopolies,  etc. 

c.  Ship  money  (Rush worth,  II,  252  ff.) 

1.  The  first   levy:    the    writ    (in    Gardiner, 

Documents,  37-9). 

2.  The  second  and  third  levies.     Consulta- 

tion of   the   judges    (Gardiner.    Docu- 
ments, 40 ). 

3.  Hampden's  case :  speeches    of    St.  John 

and    Berkeley    (Gardin^r^   Documents, 
41-54). 

3.  Punishment    of    Prynne,  Bastwick,  and    Burton,    1637 

(Gardiner,  Puritan  Revolution,  94-5;  (Milton's 
Lycidas  (Gau'diner,  Puritan  Revolution,  96). 


10 

4.  Wentworth's  Reign   of   Thorough  as  Lord  Deputy  in' 

Ireland,  1634-7  (Gardiner,  Documents,  97-102). 

5.  Resistance  in  Scotland,  1637-1640. 

a.  Why  James  established  Episcopacy  in  Scotland. 

b.  The  New  Prayer  Book,  1637. 

c.  The  four  tables  (Committees)  take  control. 

d.  The    Covenant   signed,   1638    (Gardiner,    Docu- 

ments, 54-64). 

e.  Hamilton  in  Scotland  :  Episcopacy  abolished  by 

Glasgow  Assembly,  1638. 
/.     The  First  Bishops'  War,  1639. 
g.     The  English    Short   Parliament,  1640  ;  influence 

of  Wentworth  (Earl  of  Strafford). 
h.     The  Second  Bishops'  War,  1640. 
i.     A  Great  Council  summoned  :  advice  of  the  Peers 
(see  Gardiner,  Documents,  64-6). 
III.     Summary  of  abuses  and  illegal   acts   of  the  period,  1629-40 
(Hallam,  I,  chap.  viii). 

1.  Expedients  to  raise  money. 

a.     Tonnage  and  poundage. 

6.     Monopolies;  the  soap  monopoly(Hallam,  I,  420). 

c.  Comoulsory  knighthood. 

d.  Forest  laws,  etc. 

e.  Ship  money. 

2.  Proclamations. 

3.  Star    Chamber    sentences     (Taswell-Langmead,   581-4; 

Hallam). 

REFERENCES. 

Source  Materials:  Gardiner's  Documents^  31-G6;  Adams  and  Stephens, 
347-50;  Lee,  352-7  (ship-money) ;  TXw^\\\\OYi\\,  Collections,  11,  111;  Thurloe, 
State  Papers,  1,1  f!L.;  Calendar  of  State  /'rt/^rj  (Charles  I),  III-XVI ;  Gardi- 
ner's Notes  on  the  Judgment  delivered  by  Sir  George  Croke  in  the  case  of  ship- 
money :  in  Camden  Society,  Misc ,  vol.  VII,  1875;  lb..  Documents  relating  to 
the  Proceedings  against  William  Prynne  in  1GS4:  and  1637;  in  Camden  Society, 
n.  S.,  vol.  18,  1877  ;  lb.,  Report  of  Cases  in  the  Courts  of  Star  Chamber  and  High 
Commission:  in  Camden  Society,  n.  s.,  vol.  39,  1886;  lb.,  Hamilton  Papers, 
1-103:  in  Camden  Society ,  Xi.  s.,  vol.27,  1880;  Whitelock's  Memorials,  14-33; 
Green's  Letters  of  Queen  Henrietta  Maria;  Wallington's  Historical  Notices; 
Baillie,  Letters,  1,  1-288;   May,  Long  Par.,  27  ff. 

Secondary  Authorities :  Gardiner,  Puritan  Revolution,  71-110;  Lb.,  Students 
History,  II,  514  ft'.  ;  Jb.,  Hist,  of  England,  VII-IX ;  Ranke,  Hist,  of  England, 
II,  1-212;  Hume,  v.;  Rogers,  Hist.  Gleanings  (Laud);  Gneist,  Hist.  Parlia- 
ment, 252  ft". ;  Smith,  LList.  Parliament,  I,  387  ff. ;  Ransome,  Constitution,  149 
flf. ;  Green,  III,  MS  ft". ;  Jesse,  Memoirs,  II,  123  ff. ;  Bayne,  Chief  Actors,  57 
tf.  (Laud  and  Stroitbrd) ;  Cordery  and  Vhillpotts,  ICing^  and  Commonwealth, 
51ft.;  Guizot,  Eng.  Revolution,  34-85;  Vaughan,  Memorials,  I,  445  ft". ;  Mas- 
son,  Milton,  'I,  II;  Neal,  Puritans,  I,  297  ft'. ;  and  the  works  of  Bright,  Lin- 
gard,  and  Taylor. 


11 


Sect.  IV.     The  First  Work  of  the  Long  Parliament,   _ 
1640-1642. 

I.  The  restoration  of  the  constitution  (Hallam,  I,  498-506;  Gar- 
diner, Puritan  Revolution^  110  ff. ;  Gardiner,  Documents^  67  ff.) 

1.  Character  and  composition  of  the  Parliament. 

2.  The    Triennial    Act,    February    15,    1641    (Gardiner, 

Documents,  74-84;  Adams  and  Stephens,  350-9). 
a.     Provisions. 
h.     Constitutional  significance. 

3.  The   Impit#)y.ment  Act,  February  18,  1641-:^ Gardiner, 

Documents^  164-6;  Hallam,  I,  503). 

4.  Tonnage  and  Poundage  Act,  June  22,  1641. 

5.  Act  for  abolition   of   the    Star  Chamber,  July  5,  1641 

(Gardiner,  Documents,  106-12;  Adams  and 
Stephens,  363-6). 

a.  Jurisdiction  ot  Star  Chamber  and  Council  taken 
away. 

h.  Jurisdiction  of  Council  of  North  and  other  extra- 
ordinary courts  abolished. 

c.  The  council  may  still  examine  and  commit ;  but 
under  right  of  writ  of  habeas  corpus. 

6.  Court   of    High    Commission    abolished,    July    5,  1641 

{Gf2i.Ydi\uQ\\  Documents,  112-115;  Adams  and  Ste- 
phens, 366-9). 

7.  Act  for  limitation  of  forests,  August  7,  1641  (Gardiner, 

Documents,  117-21). 

8.  Act  prohibiting  knighthood  fees,  August  10,  1641  (Lee, 

355  ;  Gardiner,  Documents,  121-2). 

9.  Act  declaring  ship-money  illegal  and  judgment  against 

Hampden  declared  null,  August  17,  1641  (Gardi- 
ner, Documents,  115-17;  Adams  and  Stephens, 
369-71). 

10.  Real    significance     of    the   series    of    great     statutes 

enumerated  (Hallam,  I,  504-6). 

II.  The  trial  and  punishment   of    Strafford  (Hallam,  I,  507-14; 
Gardiner,  Puritan  Revolution,  111-113;  lb..  Documents,  85-7). 

1.  The    procedure    by    impeachment:     was    it   justified? 

Alleged  conduct  of  Vane?     Position  of  Pym  ? 

2.  The  procedure  by  bill  of  attainder. 

3.  Was  Strafford's  punishment  just? 

III.  Act  against  dissolving  the  Long  Parliament,  May  11,  1641,^ 
made  parliamentary  despotism   possible  (Gardiner,  Documents, 

87-8). 


12 

IV.  The  attack  on  the  bishops. 

1.  The  "Root  and  Branch   Petition,"  December  11,  1640 

(Gardiner,  Documents^  67-73) . 

2.  ii'irst  bill  against  the  bishops  fails  in   the  Lords,  July 

1-3,    1641     (Gardiner,    Documents,    94-100;    Gar- 
diner, Puritan  Revolution,  116). 

3.  The  "  Root  and  Branch  Bill "  in  the  Commons. 

4.  Falkland,   Hyde,  and   the   moderate  church   party  :  its 

weakness ;  the  King's  failure  to  support  the  party 
(Gardiner,  Puritan  Hevolution,  116-118). 

V.  The  Grand  Remonstrance,  December  1,  1641. 

1.  Effect  of   the  King's  visit  to  Scotland,  and  of  the  Irish 

insurrection       (Gardiner,      Puritan      Revolution, 
119-20). 

2.  Spirit  of  the  Remonstrance  :  the  debate. 

3.  Provisions  of  the  Remonstrance  (Gardiner,  Documents, 

127-154;  Adams  and  Stephens,  376-80. 

4.  Reception  of    King  on  return  from  Scotland  by  people 

of  London. 

5.  Impeachment  and  attempted  arrest  of   the  Five  Mem- 

bers (Gardiner,  Documents,  158-63. 

6.  The  Commons  in  the  Guildhall ;  King  leaves  Whitehall 

(January  10,  1642). 

7.  The    Clerical    Disabilities   Act,    February    13,    1642; 

and  the  struggle  for  the  command  of   the  militia 
(Gardiner,  Documents,  163-4,  166-8,  169  ff.). 


REFERENCES. 

Source  Materials :  Gardiner's  Documents,  67  ff. ;  Adams  and  Stephens, 
350-83;  Lee,  355  flf. ;  Colby,  188  fi'. ;  Calendar  of  State  Papers  (Charles  I),  xvi- 
xvii ;  Johnson's  Fairfax  Correspondence  :  A/emorials  of  the  Reign  of  Charles  I ; 
Gardiner's  Hamilton  Papers,  103  If.;  W\\\l&\oc\Cs  Afetnorials,  33  fl". ;  Rush- 
worth's  Collections,  III,  1084:  ff. ;  lb.,  Tryal  of  Strafford  ;  May,  History  of  the  Long 
Parliament,  70  ff. ;  Bruce' S  Notes  of  the  Treaty  .  .  at  Kipon  :  in  Camden  Society, 
1869;  lb.,  Verney  Papers:  Azotes  of  Proceedings  in  the  Long  Parliament:  in 
Camden  Society,  31,  1874;  Clarendon,  Great  Rebellion;  Harleian  Miscellafiy, 
IV  ;  Thurloe,  State  Papers,  I ;  Knowler's  Strafforde' s  Letters  and  Dispatches  ; 
Baillie's  Letters,  I.  II. 

Secondary  Authorities:  Gardiner,  Puritan  Revolution,  110-24;  lb..  Stu- 
dent's History,  11,529-36;  lb..  Hist,  of  England,  IX,  X;  Hallam,  I,  chap,  ix ; 
Smith,  Three  English  Statesmen,  1-51  (Fym) ;  Rogers,  Gleanings,  67-127  (Laud); 
Forster,  Arrest  of  the  Five  Members;  lb.,  Grand  Remonstrance ;  Green,  III, 
102-216;  Hume,  V,  chaps.  54-5;  Gneist,  Constitution,  11,  221-56;  lb..  Hist. 
Parliament,  220  ff. ;  Cordery  and  Phiilpotts,  King  and  Commonwealth,  82  ff. ; 
Guizot,  Eng.  Revolution,  86-161;  Vaughan,  Hist,  of  England  under  the  House 
•of  Stuart,  1,314  ff. ;  Neal,  Puritans,  I,  350  ff. ;  Masson,  Milton,  II;  and  the 
works  of  Taylor,  Lingard,  Creasy,  and  Ranke. 


13 


Sect.  V.     The   Civil   War   and  the   Fall   of  the  Monarchy, 

1642-1649. 

I.  Beginning  of  the  Civil  War. 

1.  Conservatism  of  ttie  Commons  and  of  their  leader,  Pym. 

a.     As  to  uniformity  of  belief. 
h.     As  to  institutions. 

2.  War   begins :  King's  standard   set  up   at  Nottingham, 

Aug.  22,  1642;  elements  of  the  King's  army; 
Powick  Bridge,  Sept.  22 ;  Edgehill,  ^t.  23  ;  in- 
competency of  Essex. 

3.  Royalist  successes  :  defence  ot  London,  Nov.  13. 

4.  Propositions  presented  to  the  King  at  Oxford,  Feb.  1, 

1643  (Gardiner,  Documents,  182-186):  compare 
with  the  "  Nineteen  Propositions  "  of  June  1, 1642 
(Gardiner,  Documents^  170-175). 

5.  Rise  of  Oliver  Cromwell. 

a.     Origin  and  character. 

h.     His  regiment  of  "  Ironsides." 

6.  Campaign  of  1643. 

a.  Royalist  successes  in  the  South. 

b.  Death  of  Hampden  at  Chalgrove  Field,  June  24, 

1643  (Green,  III,  220-5). 

c.  First   battle   of   Newbuijj   indecisive :  death    of 

Falkland.  ^ 

II.  Presbyterians  and  Independents. 

1.  The  Westminster  Assembly,  1643. 

2.  The  "  Solemn  League   and   Covenant,"  Sept.  25,   1643 

(Gardiner,  Documents,  187-90  ;  Green,  III,  226-8). 
a.     Arose  in  need  of  Scotch  alliance. 
h.     Determines  ultimate  adoption   of   Presbyterian- 
ism  by  Parliament, 
c.     Fanaticism  of  the  Puritans. 

3.  Death  of  Pym,  December  6,  1643. 

4.  Execution  of   Laud,  January  10,  1644  (Rogers',  Glean- 

ings, 121-7). 

5.  Rise  of   the   Independents  (Green,  III,  234  ff. ;  Gooch, 

chaps.  I,  II,  III). 

a.     Principles  of  the  Separatists. 

h.  The  propagation  of  sects  (Masson's  Life  of 
Milton) ;  rise  of  the  doctrine  of  toleration 
of  "  Liberty  of  conscience  "  (Gooch). 

c.  Bigotry  of  the  Presbyterians  ;  death  of  Chilling- 
worth  and  conduct  of  Cheynell  (Gardiner, 
Revolution,  134-5). 


14 

III.  The  great  battles  and  end  of  the  first  Civil  War. 

1.  Independency  in  the  army. 

a.  The  "  Eastern   Association"   formed   by  Hamp- 

den (Green,  III);  placed  under  Manchester, 
1643  ;  progress  of  Cromwell. 

b.  Marston  Moor,  July  2,    1644    (Carlyle's  Letters 

of  Cromicelly  I,    149-152)  :  a   victory  for    the 
Independents  (Gardiner,  Revolution^  139). 

2.  The  *' new  model  "  and  the '' self-denying  ordinance" 

(Carlyle's  Letters^  I,  153-8;  Gardiner,  Revolution^ 
140-2;  lb.,  Documeiits,  205-6). 

3.  Suspension   of   the  self-denying  ordinance  in   favor  of 

Cromwell. 

4.  Montrose  overruns  Scotland. 

5.  Battle    of   Naseby,    June,    1645   (Carlyle's   Letters^    I, 

165-170). 

6.  Montrose  beaten  a  Philiphaugh,  September  13,  1645. 

7.  War  ends  with  surrender  of  Raglan  Castle,  Aug.,  1646. 

IV.  Struggle    between    the     army    and    parliament,     1645-1649 
(Green,  III,  ch.  X). 

1.  The  King  puts  himself  in  the  hands  of  the  Scots;  they 

take  him  to  Newcastle,  May,  1646. 

2.  The    Puritan    army ;    sects ;    religious   feeling ;    Crom- 

well's toleration  (Gardiner,  Revolution^  144-5). 

3.  The  Parliament's  propositions  made  to  the  King,  July, 

1645  (Gardiner,  Docmnents,  208-222;  lb.,  Revo- 
lution, 145-6)  ;  the  King's  answers  (Docmnents, 
223-232). 

4.  The  King  put  in  the  hands  of    Parliamentary  commis- 

sioners, Jan.  30,  1647  ;  and  is  kept  at  Holmby 
House  until  June  4,  when  he  is  brought  to  the 
army  and  conducted  to  Newmarket  (Gardiner, 
Revolution,  146-7). 

5.  The    eleven   Presbyterian   members  of   the  House   ex- 

cluded by  the  army  (Carlyle's  Letters,  I,  206-223). 

6.  Proposals    of   the   army  to    the   King,  August  1,  1647 

(Gardiner,  Documents,  232-241). 

7.  Flight    of   King   to    Isle    of    Wight,    November    11, 

1647;  he  intrigues  with  the  Scots  for  an  invasion 
of  England  (Gardiner,  Docuraents,  259-264). 

8.  The  second  Civil  War:  insurrections  in  Eng;land,  1648  ; 

the  Scots  defeated  at  Preston,  August  17,  1648. 

9.  The   army    Eemonstrance,    November   20,    1648 :    the 

King  to  be  brought  to  justice. 

10.  Pride's  Purge,  December  6,  1648. 


15 

11.     The    trial    and    execution   of   the    King  (Green,    III, 
258-63  ;  Gardiner,  Documents,  268-290,  lb.,  G'mat- 
Clvil   War. 

KEFERENCES. 

Source  Materials:  Gardiner's  Documents,  182-290;  Adams  and  Stephens, 
383  ff, ;  Lee,  348-72,  364-6  (charge  against  the  King)  ;  Rushworth,  Collections, 
IV  (547  ff.)-VII;  Calendar  of  State  Papers  (Charles  I),  xviii-xxii;  Claren- 
don, Great  Rebellion^  I,  II ;  Carlyle's  Letters  and  Speeches  of  Cromwell,  I ; 
QBxy^S  Memorials  of  the  Great  Civil  War,,  1646-52;  Bell's  Fairfax  Correspon- 
dence: MejHorials  of  the  Civil  War;  WdiYnev'^  Nicholas  Papers  [lQA:\-bQ)  :  in 
Ca??iden  Society,  n.  s.,  vols.  40  (1886),  50  (1892),  57  (1897) ;  Guthry's  Memoir?; 
Whitelock's  Meviorials,,  57-385  ;  May,  Long  Parliament,  58  fi'. ;  Thnrloe,  State 
Papers,  I;  Ludlow's  Memoirs-,  Nalson's  Collections-,  Shaw's  Phmdered  Minis- 
ters' Accounts:  in  Record  Society,,  28  (1893),  34  (1897);  Stanning's  Royalist 
Composition  Papers:  in  Record  Society,  24  (1891),  26  (1892),  29  (1894),  36 
(1898);  Green's  Cal.  of  Procds.  of  Committee  for  Advance  of  Money;. 164:2-56 ; 
lb.,  Cal.  of  Procds.  o/  Committee  for  Coi?ipoundifig,  1643-1660. 

Secondary  Authorities :  Gardiner,  Puritan  Revolution,  125-153;  lb..  Stu- 
dent's History,  II,  532-60;  Ih.,  Hist,  of  England,  X;  lb..  Great  Civil  War,  I-IV ; 
Ranke,  7¥z>/.  of  England,  II;  Green,  III,  217-63;  B^o^m^x,  Sir  Henry  Vane, 
137  ff.;  Smith,  Hist.  Parliament,  I,  416  ff. ;  Hume,  V,  227  ff, ;  Bright,  II,  658 
ff;  Lingard,  VIII;  Bayne,  Chief  Actors,  249  ff.  (Vane),  389  ff.  (Cromwell), 
437  ff.  (Clarendon);  Cordery  and  Phillpotts,  King  and  Commonwealth,  123  ff.; 
(jm-LoX,  Eng.  Revolution,  161-436;  Neal,  Puritans,  I,  409  tf . ;  Masson,  Milton, 
II-IV;  and  especially  Markham's  Great  Lord  Faijfax. 


Sect.  VI.     The  Interregnum,   1649-1660. 
A.      Tlie  CommonwealtJi,  1649-1653  {Dec.  16). 

I.  Results  of  the  execution  of  Charles. 

1.  Was  his  execution  legal  ?     Was  it  politically  justifiable  ? 

Was  it  politically  expedient? 

2.  Was    there    just   cause    for     deposition,    if     not     for 

execution  ? 

3.  Charles'  view  of  his  own  authority. 

4.  Was    the     overthrow    of     the    monarchy   historically 

justifiable  ? 

II.  Establishment  of  the  commonwealth. 

1.  Council  of  State  (of  41  members)  created  by  ordinance, 

February  13,  1649  (Gardiner,  Documents,  290-3). 

2.  Office  of   Kiii^  abolished,   March   17,  1649   (Gardiner, 

Documents,  294-6). 

3.  House  of   Lords  abolished,  March  19,  1649  (Gardiner, 

Documents,  296-7). 

4.  Commonwealth  established  by  ordinance.  May  19,  1649 

(Gardiner,  Documents,  297"). 


16 

III.     History  of  the  commonwealth. 

1.  Cromweira  conquest  of  Ireland,  1649-1652. 

a.  Origin  of   the  war;  state  of  Ireland  (Carlyle,  I, 

374-80). 

b.  Alliance    of     Royalists     and     native     Roman 

Catholics. 

c.  Massacres  of   Drogheda    (Aug.    15,    1649)   and 

Wexford :    criticism    of    Cromwell's   conduct 
(see  the  letters  in  Carlyle,  I,  380-392). 

d.  Confiscation   of   the  three   provinces  (Gardiner, 

Bev.,  156-7;  Carlyle,  I,  426-9). 

2.  Charles  II  and  Scotland. 

a.  Dunbar,  Sept.  3,  1650  (Carlyle,  I,  457-476). 

b.  Worcester,  Sept.  3,  1651  :  Cromwell's  "  Crown- 

ing mercy." 

c.  Charles  escapes  to  France. 

3.  Dissolution  of  the  Long  Parliament. 

a.  The  revolutionary  force  was  spent :  ideas  and 

ideals  of  Cromwell  and  other  leaders  (Gardi- 
ner, Revolution^  159-61). 

b.  Scheme  of  Parliament  for  a  new  Parliament. 

c.  The  Act  of   Navigation  (1651)  ;  and  the  Dutch 

war,  1652  (Green,  III,  275-7). 

d.  Corruption  in  Parliament. 

e.  Dissolution,  April  20,  1653;  Declaration  of   the 

Lord  General  and  the  Council,  April  22,  1653 
(Gardiner,  Documents,  308-315;  see  Carlyle, 

4.  The  Assembly  of    140   nominees  ("  Barebone's   Parlia- 

ment."). 

a.  Cromwell's  speech  (Carlyle,  II,  33  ff). 

b.  Conduct  of  the  assembly. 

c.  Its  resignation,  Dec.  11,  1653. 


B.     The  Protectorate,  1653-1660. 

I.  General  character  of  the  instrument  of  government  (Gardiner, 
Documents,  314-325,  Ivi-lxii). 

1.  "  First"  written  English  constitution;  its   remarkably 

enlightened     provisions     (Gardiner,     Documents, 
166-8;  Adams  and  Stephens,  407-16). 

2.  Provisions  for  toleration  and  civil  liberty. 

II.  Oliver's  nine  months  of   government  before  the  meeting  of 
Parliament. 


17 

III.  Oliver's  first  Parliament,  Sept.  3,  1654,  to  Jan.  22,  1655._ 

1.  Composition. 

2.  The  Parliament  questions  the  instrument. 

3.  It  is  purged  by  Cromwell  of  recalcitrant  members. 

4.  Dissolution,  Jan.  22,  1655. 

IV.  The  ten  major-generals,  1655-1657. 

1.  Toleration  by  force. 

2.  Pendruddock's  Rising  ;  the  Royalists  foot  the  bill. 

3.  Episcopalianism  suppressed,  Nov.  27,  1655. 

4.  Massacre  in  Piedmont  and  the  quarrel  with  Spain. 

V.  Oliver's  second  Parliament,  Sept.  17,  1656,  to  Jan.  20,  1658. 

1.  Oliver's  opening  speech  (Carlyle,  II,  218  ff). 

2.  Exclusion  of  menibers. 

3.  The    "Petition    and    Advice"    (Gardiner,    Documeyits^ 

Ixiii,   334-345) ;    inauguration    of    the    Protector, 
June  26,  1655  (Green,  III,  299-300). 

4.  Oliver  refuses  title  of  king:  Did  he  wish   it?     Why 

did  he  refuse  it?     (Green,  III,  298-9  ;  Carlyle,  H, 
267  £f.). 

VI.  Last  days  of  Oliver. 

1.  He  sees  that  his  system  is  doomed. 

2.  Greatness  of  his  foreign  policy. 

3.  Death,  Sept.  3,  1658.^' 

VII.  The  Restoration. 

1.  Richard  Cromwell,  Protector;  disliked  by  the  army. 

2.  The  Third  Parliament  dissolved,  April  22,  1659. 

3.  Long  Parliament  recalled. 

4.  Intervention  of  Monk. 

5.  The  "  Rump  "  dissolved,  March'16,  1660. 

6.  The   Declaration    of   Breda,  April   4,   1660  (Gardiner, 

Documents^  351-2). 

REFERENCES. 

Source  Materials:  Gardine'',  Documents,  291  ff. ;  Adams  and  Stephens, 
394  ff.:;  Lee,  373-93;  Calendar  of  State  Papers^  1649-60;  Carlyle's  Letters  and 
Speeches  of  Croinivell\  Stainer,  Speeches  of  Cromzuell  \  Burton,  Diary  (1656-9) ; 
Clarendon,  Great  Rebellion ;  Thurloe,  State  Papers ;  Firth's  Clarke  Papers 
(1647-60);  Warner's  Nicholas  Papers  (161:1-56);  Whitelock's  Memorials, 
385  ff. 

Secondary  Authorities:  Gardiner,  Puritan  Revolution.,  154  ff. ;  lb.,  Studenfs 
History,  II,  561  ff. ;  lb.,  Commonwealth  and  Protectorate;  Green,  III,  264  ff. ; 
Hallam,  II,  cliap.  x;  Taylor,  II,  340  ff.;  Guizot,  George  Monk;  Jb.,  Richard 
Cromwell  and  the  Restoration;  Jesse,  Memoirs,  II,  235  ft. ;  Bayne,  Chief  Actors., 
249  ff.,  389  ft". ;  Bisset,  History  of  the  Commonwealth  ;  Ranke  Hist,  of  England., 
II-III ;  Godwin,  History  of  the  Commonwealth;  Vanghan,  The  Protectorate 
of  Oliver   Cromwell  (contains   original  letters   of  Thurloe,  Lockhart,  Pell, 


18 

etc.);  Traill,  Social  Efiglatid,  IV.,  chaps.  13-14;  Neal,  Puritans,  I,  II;  Mas- 
son,  J//7/<7«,  IV,  V;  IsldiV^Cieu^  Later  Puritans ;  ^tViCa,  Cromwelliana;  Prender- 
gast,  T/ie  Cromwellian  Settlement  in  Ireland',  Murphy,  Crofmvell  in  Ireland. 
See  also  Iiiderwick, /;?^t'r;Y^;n/w  ;  Jenks,  Constitutional  Experiments ;  Goldwin 
Smith,  United  Kingdom^  I,  572  ft". ;  QiOQOh,  Democratic  Ideas;  the  histories  of 
Hume,  Bright,  Lingard,  Taswell-Langmead;  and  the  literature  of  Cromwell 
mentioned  in  sec.  YIII  and  the  "  select  Bibliography." 


Sect.  VII.     The  Constitutional   Experiments  of   the  Common- 
wealth AND  the  Protectorate,   1649_1660. 

I.  Relative  importance  of  the  period. 

1.  First  general  result :  assumption  by  Parliament  of  the 

business  of  government. 

2.  Second  general  result:  "  The  birth  of  modern  political 

thouorht"  (Jenks,  5). 
8.     Third    general    result :  the    subjects    or   prototypes   of 
future  reforms  established. 

II.  Remnants  of  the  old  constitution  in  1649. 

1.     Nominally  the    Commons   remained  :  number  of   mem- 
bers (Jenks,  9). 
2     Parts  destroyed. 

a.     Kingship  and  royal  council ;  the  Star  Chamber ; 
High  Commission;  Council  of  the  North;  of 
Wales. 
h.     The  county  lord  lieutenants. 

3.  Justices  ;  uncertain  powers. 

4.  Sheriffs  appointed   by  the   House;  municipalities  con- 

trolled by  same. 

5.  The  revolution  not  essentially  a  social  revolution. 

III.  The  Republic,  1649-1653  :     rule  of  parliament. 

1.  Rule  by  committees. 

2.  Dignity  and  power  of  Parliament;  its  pedantry. 

3.  The    army  as   a   constitutional    organ  :  (a)    Council    of 

officers  (b)  Assembly  of   Adjutators ;  (c)  various 
functions  (Jenks,  16-17). 
4     *' Nascent"  organism  (Jenks,  18-19). 

5.  Plans  for  reconstruction. 

a.     "Agreement   of    the    people"    or    Army    Plan 

(Gardiner,  Documents,  270  ff. ;  Jenks,  25). 
h.     Plan  of  the  Congregations, 
c.     Plan  of  Parliament. 

6.  The  Council  of  State  of  41  :  rule  by  sub-committees. 

7.  Attitude  of  Parliament  toward  the  army. 


19 

8.  Parliamentary  corruption  (Jenks,  45  ff.). 

9.  Insincerity  of    Parliament :    intentionally   prolongs  its 

power. 

10.  Failure  ot  Parliament  in  finance  and  foreign  affairs. 
IV.     The  Protectorate,  1653-1660. 

1.  Cromwell,    Captain-General :    bis    first    council    eight 

officers  and  four  civilians). 

2.  The   assembly  of    Nominees    or  "  Little    Parliament," 

July  4,  Dec.  11,  1653. 
a.     How  summoned  ? 
5.     Character, 
c.     Conduct :  dissolution. 

3.  The  Instrument  of  Government  (  germ  in  the  Army  Plan.) 

a.  Significance  of,  as  a  written  constitution. 

b.  Executive  :  a  Lord  Protector  and   a  council  of 

13-21:  Protector  with  suspensive  veto  and  to 
be  chosen  by  the  Council. 

c.  Parliament:    (1)  400  members ;    (2)   30  members 

each  from  Scotland  and  Ireland;   (3)  borough 
representation  reformed. 

d.  Fixed  revenue. 

4.  The  First  Protectorate  Parliament,  1654-5. 

5.  The  Majors-General,  1655,  and   the  "  decimation  tax"  ; 

Cromwell's  intention?     (Jenks,  98  ff.) 

6.  The    Second     Protectorate    Parliament,     1656-7 :     the 

''  Petition  and  Advice,"  1657. 

7.  Views    of    the    Republicans    seen   in   Vane's    Healing 

Question  (1656).     See  Jenks,  104. 
V-     General  results  of  legislative  experiments  (Inderwick,  chaps. 
i-ii. 

REFERENCES. 

See  preceding  syllabus ;  and  espeoially  the  works  of  Jenks,  Inderwick, 
and  Goocli.  For  the  legislation  of  the  period,  consult  Scobell's  Acts  and 
Ordinances. 


Sect.  VIII.     The  Place  of  Oliver  Cromwell  in   the 
History  of  Intellectual  Progress. 

He  is  the  product  of  the  age,  of  ethical  and  social  evolution ; 
hence  his  mission  is  two-fold. 

1 .  To  restore  to  Englishmen  the  right  of  constitutional  and 
social  liberty ;  and  to  point  the  way  to  its  fuller 
realization. 


20 

a.     Results  of  the  Tudor  policy. 
h.     Results  of  the  Stuart  policy. 

c.     Relation   of   the    State    and    church   before    and 
after  the  Protestant  Revolution  compared. 
2.     To  prepare   the  way  for  the  full  recognition  of  liberty 
of  conscience. 

a.  The  mediaeval  idea  :    The  Pope  as  head  of  the 

Universal  Church ;  the  disastrous  effect  of 
appeal  to  authority  in  spiritual  matters  ;  psy- 
chological helplessness  of  medineval  man  ;  need 
of  a  material  crutch  for  faith ;  hence  image- 
worship,  maiiolatry,  and  adoration  of   saints. 

b.  Luther  touches    the    triple  crown   of    the  Pope ; 

significance  of  the  Reformation. 

c.  The  King-Pope  ;  the  new  idea  of  church  and  state. 

d.  Divine  prerogative  of  kings  :  the  new  crutch  for 

faith ;  Filmer's  philosophy  of  the  divine 
prerogative. 

e.  Cromwell  touches   the  dual  crown  of  the  King- 

Pope. 

II.  The  Riddle  of  Cromwell's  character  :  The  two  Paradoxes. 

1.  The  religious. 

a.  His  Puritanism  ;  influence  of  Hebraism  ;  the  be- 
lief in  a  Providence  imminent  m  the  world 
(Carlyle,  I,  437-8,  447-8). 

6.  His  independency  ;  practical  toleration  ;  his  nar- 
rowness the  product  of  survival  and  environ- 
ment. 

2.  The  political. 

a.     His  political  conservatism. 
h.     His  political  liberalism. 

III.  How  Cromwell  solves  his  own  riddle  :  his  life  reveals  a  great 
soul  earnestly  striving  to  find  a  righteous  solution  of  the  tremen- 
dous cases  of  conscience  which  the  times  and  the  nation  laid 
upon  him. 

1.  The  problems  of  the  civil  war  and  King's  execution. 

2.  Problem  of  the  conduct  of  the  righteous  warrior. 

a.  His  military  dispatches  :  Marston  Moor  (Carlyle), 
I,  150);  Naseby  (Carl>le,  I,  168-9);  Dunbar 
(Carlyle,  I,  471)  ;  Worcester  (Carlyle,  I,  554). 

6.     The  punishment  of  Ireland  :  Drogheda  (Carlyle). 

c.  The  treatment  of  Scotland  (Carlyle,  I,  558  ff.). 

d.  Treatment  of  insurrectionists ;    of  the  Levelers 

(see  Smith,  in  Three  English  Statesmen). 


21 

3.     Problem  of  the  couduct  of  the  righteous  statesmen^   ~ 

a.  Expulsion  of  the  Long  Parliament ;  of  subsequent 

Parliaments ;  he  comprehended  the  nature  of 
a  revolution. 

b.  Intolerance    to    Catholics    and   Anglicans ;    the 

practical  reasons? 

c.  Question  of  acceptance  of  Crown  :  why  might  he 

justly  desire  it? 

IV.  Practical  results  of  Cromwell's  work. 

1.  Legal  reforms. 

2.  Constitutional  reforms. 

3.  Religious  reforms. 

4.  Foreign   policy :  Cromwell  supersedes  Gustavus  Adol- 

phus    as    head   of    European    Protestantism    (see 
Smith). 

5.  Social  and  economic  policy. 

V.  Estimate  of  his  place  in  history  ;  comparison  with  Napoleon ; 
with  Ceesar ;   with  Washington. 

REFERENCES. 

Gardiner,  CromwelVs  Place  in  History  (London,  1897)  ;  lb.,  Oliver  Crom- 
well (London,  Paris,  and  New  York,  1899);  Morley,  Oliver  Cromwell;  Smith, 
in  Three  Eng.  Statesmen,  54-144;  Baldock,  Cromrvell  as  a  Soldier;  Bischoffshau- 
sen,  Die  Potitik  des  Protectors  Oliver  Cromwell;  Broscli,  Cromwell^  die  tks^  Pur-  Ua-uJ. 
itanische  Revolution  ;  Firtli,  Oliver  Cromwell  and  the  Rule  of  the  Puritans  iit 
England;  Harrison,  Oliver  Cromwell;  Picton,  Oliver  Cromwell ;  The  Man  and 
his  Mission;  Roosevelt,  Oliver  Cromtvell.  See  also  Carlyle's  Letters  and 
Speeches  of  Cromwell;  Stainer's  Speeches;  the  works  of  Green,  Hallara, 
Gooch,  Jenks,  Inderwick;  and  the  Cromwell  literature  mentioned  in  the 
"  Select  Bibliography." 


Sect.  IX.     The   Restoration  and   the   Reign   of   Charles   II, 

1660-1685. 

I.     General  significance  of  the  Restoration. 

1.  The  work  of  the  Revolution  did  not  perish. 

a.  Puritanism  was  not  extinct;  but  it  had  'Maid 
down  the  sword"  (Green,  III,  321). 

6.  Explanation  of  the  wild  enthusiasm  with  which 
the  Restoration  was  hailed. 

c.  Three  great  results  of  the  Puritan  Re\olution 
(Creasy,  chap,  xvi,  pp.  268  ff.). 

2.  Characteristics    of   the   age :  the  beginning   of    modern 

England. 


22 

a.  Social  revolution ;  vice  and  immorality  of  the 
period :  Hamilton's  Memoirs  of  Grammont 
(Green,  III,  327  ff.). 

h.     Scientific  awakening  ;  the  Royal  Society. 

c.  The  new  rationalism  ;  latitudiuarian  philosophy  ; 
rising  skepticism  ;  political  philosophy. 

II.  Charles  II  and   his  policy    (Green,   III,   336   ff. ;  Gardiner, 
Puritan  Revolution^  197). 

1.  His   character;    his  vices    and    levity;    religions    sym- 

pathies. 

2.  His  domestic  policy ;  dissolution   of  the  Union ;  desire 

for  a  standing  army ;  views  as  to  his  prerogative. 

3.  His  foreign  policy;   relations  with  France. 

4.  His   first  ministry ;   character  of  Clarendon ;   of  Ashley 

Cooper  (Green,  III,  350  ff.,  35-8). 

III.  Beginning  of  the  reign  :  Work  of  the  Convention  (Hallam,  II, 
68  ff. ;  Green,  III,  351  ff.) 

1.  Act  of  Indemnity  and  the  exclusion  of  the  regicides. 

2.  Restoration  of  crown,  church,  and  Royalist  lands. 

3.  Abolition  of  military  tenures;  excise  substituted  (Hal- 

lam, II,  76-8). 

4.  Clergy  restored  to  their  benefices ;  case   of  the  Presby- 

terians. 

5.  Dissolution  of  the  Convention  Parliament ;  theory  of  the 

lawyers. 

IV.  The  first  work  of  the  Cavalier  or  Long  Parliament  of  the 
Restoration,  1661-1679. 

1.  Composition  of  the  parliament. 

2.  Condemnation  of  Vane  (Hallam,  II,  88-91). 

3.  King's  prerogatives  restored. 

4.  The  Corporations  Act  and  the  doctrine  of   "  non-resist- 

ance," 1661  (Adams  and  Stephens,  425-7). 

5.  Repeal  of  the  Triennial  Act. 

6.  Star  Chamber  not  restored. 

7.  Act  of  Uniformity  and  the  ejection  of  non-conformist 

clergy     1662;     "Dissenters"    supersede     "non- 
conformists." 

8.  Charles    and   the   Catholics ;  his   declaration   of  indul- 

gence, 1662-3  (Hallam,  II,  164  ff.). 

9.  The   Conventicles    Act,    1664    (Adams    and    Stephens, 

431-3). 

10.  The    Five    Mile    Act,    1665    (Adams    and    Stephens, 

433-4). 


23 

V.  Rise  of  Parliamentary  opposition.  ~" 

1.  Parliamentary   view   of    the   constitution;     control    of 

finance. 

2.  War  with  the  Dutch,  1664-7:  rise  of  the  "court"  and 

"  country"  parties;  the  latter  demands  control  of 
expenditures  ;  its  relation  to  the  Dissenters. 

3.  Clarendon's  policy  and  his  fall,  1667  :  causes? 

4.  The  rise  and  fall  of  the  "Cabal  "  ministry,  1667-1673 

(Hallam,  II,  134  ff.\ 

5.  Administration    of    Danby,    1673-1678 :    Impeachment 

(Hallam,  154-178). 

VI.  The  Question  of  Toleration. 

1.  Why  Charles  adopted  the  policy  of  toleration  ;   he  wished 

to  include  the  Catholics. 

2.  The    Triple    Alliance,    1668:    England,    Sweden,    and 

Dutch  Netherlands  vs.  France. 
8.     The  secret  treaty  of   Dover,  1670:  Charles   bought  by 
Louis  XIV ;  Charles  to  declare  war  against  Dutch 
and  confess  himself  a  Catholic. 

4.  Declaration   of    Indulgence,    1672;    withdrawn,    1673; 

conduct    of    Dissenters     (Adams    and    Stephens, 
434-6;   Cobbett's  Par.  Hist.,  IV,  515). 

5.  The  Test  Act,  1673  :  Duke  of  York  excluded  from  office 

(Adams  and  Stephens,  436-9). 

VII.  Last  days  of  Charles,  1678-1685  (see  Macaulay). 

1.  The    Popish    Plot,    1678    (Hallam,    II,    176-183;  Ma- 

caulay, I,  216  ff.). 

2.  The   new   Parliament:    "Petitioners  and  Abhorrers ;  " 

the  session  at  Oxford;  impeachments  (Hallam,  II, 
194-204)  ;  rise  of  "  Whig  "  and  "  Tory." 

3.  Forfeiture  of  the  Borough  charters,  1683-5. 

4.  Projects  of  Russell  and  Sidney  ;  their  trial  (Hallam,  II, 

208  ff. ;  Macaulay). 

5.  Death  of  Charles. 

VIII.  Constitutional  questions  (Hallam,  II,  221  ff.) 

1.  Rights  of  juries  maintained  :  the  Bushnell  case  (Creasy, 

272-3;   Hallam,  II,  228  ff.) 

2.  The  Habeas  Corpus  Act  (Text  in  Creasy,  270-1,  Adams 

and  Stephens,  440-8  ;  Lee,  400-8  ;   see  Blackstone, 
III,  137). 

3.  Other  questions  (see  Hallam). 


24 

REFERENCES. 

Source  Materials :  Adams  and  Stephens,  425  ff. ;  Lee,  394-413;  Caleiidar 
of  State  Papers  {Charles  II),  10(50-73,  14  vols.;  Statutes  of  the  Realm-,  How- 
ell's 6"/^/^  Trials;  Somers,  Tracts;  Boscobel  Tracts;  Harlcian  Miicellany,\ll; 
Grey,  Debates  of  the  House  of  Commons,  16G7-94 ;  Cobbett,  Parliafiientary  His- 
tory; ^'kXuqj ,  Diary  of  the  Times  of  Charles  II;  Jusserand's  A  French  Ambas- 
sador at  the  Court  of  Charles  II;  Luttrell,  State  Affair's,  1678-1714;  Hamilton, 
Memoirs  of  Count  Grammont ;  the  diaries  of  Pepys,  Evelyn,  and  Reresby ; 
Elwood's  History ;  Kennefs  Register. 

Secondary  Authorities :  Gardiner,  Puritan  Revolution,  190-205 ;  lb..  Stu- 
dent's History,  II,  568  ff.  ;  Hale,  Fall  of  the  Stuarts,  1  ff. ;  Airy,  The  Eng.  Res- 
toration ajtd  louis  XIV;  Adams,  The  Merry  Monarch:  Macaulay,  I,  ch.  ii; 
Green,  III,  321  ff.;  Creasy,  chap,  xvi;  Hallara,  II,  08-265;  Taylor,  II,  358 
ff. ;  Hosmer,  Sir  Henry  Vane,  480  ff. ;  Ranke,  Hist,  of  England,  III,  IV;  Stern, 
Milton  ujid  seine  Zeit ;  Masson,  Life  of  Milton,  VI;  Seeley,  Growth  of  British 
Policy,  II;  Traill,  Social  England,  IV;  Jesse,  Memoirs.  II,  395  ff.,  Ill,  1-416; 
Vaughan,  Memorials  of  the  Stuart  Dynasty,  II,  272  ff. ;  lb.,  Hist,  of  England  un- 
der the  House  of  Stuart,  II,  571  ff.  ;  Harris,  Historical  Account  of  the  Life  of 
Charles  II ;  Stricliland,  Li%)es  of  the  last  four  Princesses  of  the  Royal  House  of 
Stuart;  Jameson,  Memoirs  of  the  Beauties  of  the  Court  of  Charles  II ;  Cunning- 
ham,   The  Story  of  N'ell  Gwyn  ;   Fornerou,  Louise  de  Kcroualle. 


Sect.  X.     The  Revolution  of  1688. 

I.  The  Constitution  under  James  II,  1685-1688. 

1.  Character  aud  intellect  of  the  king:  his  religious   and 

political  tendencies. 

2.  Monmouth's  rising  ;  the  Bloody  Circuit  of  Jeffries. 

3.  Dispensations  by  non-obstante  confirmed  by  the  judges ; 

other  abuses  (mentioned  in  Bill  of  Rights). 

4.  Declaration  of  indulgence,  1687  (Adams  and  Stephens, 

451-4). 

5.  The  new  High  Commission,  1686. 

6.  The  doctrine  of  non-resistance. 

7.  Attack  on  the  liberties  of  Magdalen  College,  Oxford. 

8.  June    10,  1688,   birth    of    a  son    to  James:  immediate 

cause  of  the  revolution. 

II.  The  Revolution  of  1688-9. 

1.  How  the  revolution  was   brought  about;  the  question 

of  the  title  of  William. 

2.  Descent,  character,  and  ability  of  William. 

3.  First  mutiny  Act,  1689  (Adams  and  Stephens,  457-8). 

4.  Toleration  Act,  May  24,   1689  (Adams    and    Stephens 

459-62). 

5.  Bill  of  Rights,  Dec.    16,    1789  (Adams    and   Stephens, 

462-9;   Lee,  424-31). 


I 


25 

a.     Statement  of  grievances. 

h.     Demand  for  the  redress  of  the  same. 

c.     Provisions  for  present  and  future  succession. 

6.  Tirennial  Act,  Dec.    22,    1694  (Adams   and    Stephens, 

471). 

7.  Act  of  settlement,  June  12,  1901  (Adams  and  Stephens, 

475-90;   Lee,  431-6). 

a.  Provision  for  succession. 

b.  Other  provisions. 

8.  Important    constitutional    results    of     William's    reign; 

rise  of  the  cabinet  and  of  ministerial  responsibility. 

IlEFERENCES. 

Source  Materials  :  Adams  and  Stephens  ;  Lee,  417-42  ;  Calendar  of  State 
Papers  (Will,  and  Mary),  1689-92,  3  vols. ;  Somers,  Tracts  ;  State  Tracts; 
Luttrell,  State  Affairs,  1678-1714  ;  Howell,  State  Trials  ;  Statutes  of  the  Realm  ; 
Duckett,  Penal  Laws  and  Test  Act;  Dalrymple's  Memoirs ;  D'Avaux's  Dis- 
patches; Carstares'  State  Papers  and  Letters  ;  Shrewsbury  Correspondence. 

Secondary  Authorities:  Hale,  Fall  of  the  Stuarts  ;  Green,  IV,  6  ff. ;  Macau- 
lay,  ^/>^.  ^/ i^'w^Azwa' ;  Ranke,  Hist,  of  England,  IV;  Creasy,  274-302;  Tay- 
lor, II;  Hallam,  II,  266  tt". ;  Gneist,  Bist.  Parliament;  lb.,  Constitution,  II, 
305  ft'.;  Klopp,  Der  Fall  des  Hauses  Stuart  und  die  Succession  des  Hauses  Hanno- 
ver; Head,  The  Fallen  Stuarts  ;  Mackintosh,  'History  of  the  Revolution  .  . 
1688  ;  Vaughan,  Memorials  of  the  Stuart  Dynasty.,  II,  478  ff. 


Sect.  XI.     The  Age  of  Anne. 

I.  Marlborough  and  the  War  of  the  "  Spanish  Succession." 

II.  The  Union  with  Scotland. 

III.  Social  Life. 

IV.  Literature  and  Thought. 

REFERENCES. 

Adams  and  Stephens,  479-83  (Act  of  Union,  1707),  483-5  (Place  Act, 
1707),  485-7  (Riot  Act,  1715);  Lee,  445-55  (Act  of  Union);  Coxe,  Memoirs  of 
Marlboi'ouo-h  ;  Morris.  Ag-e  of  Anne ;  Burton,  Reign  of  Anne  ;  Wyon,  History 
vf  Great  Britain  during  the  Reign  of  Queen  Anne;  Makinnon,  The  Union  of 
England  and  Scotland ;  Wolseley,  Li/e  of  fohn  Churchill:  Thompson,  Me- 
moirs of  Sarah  Duchess  of  Marlborough  ;  Collins,  Bolingbrook  and  Voltaire ; 
lives  of  Bolin<^broke,  by  Brosch,  Harrop,  Hassall,  and  Macknight;  Green 
IV;  Lecky,  England  in  the  Eiohteenth  Century  ;  Ashton,[Social  Life  in  the  Reig7t 
/fAnne;  and  the  works  of  Oldmixon  and  Boyer. 


26 


CHAPTER    II. 

The    Development    of    Parliamentary    and    Cabinet    Govern- 
ment,  1760-1902 


Sect.  1.     General    Characteristics  of   the   Reign    of   George 

III,   1760-1820. 

I.  Character  and  education  of  George  III. 

1.  Personal  traits  (see  Thackeray's  Four  Georges)  ;  his  in- 

tellect. 

2.  Bias  given  by  his  education;  influence  of  his  mother; 

of  Bute. 

3.  His  policy  and  character  as  compared  with  the  first  two 

Georges. 

4.  Increase  of  the  influence  of  the   crown  as  the  mark  of 

his   reign ;  what  progress   had   already  been  made 
(see  May,  I,  15  ft.). 

II.  The  state  of  parliamentary  representation  :   at  the  beginning  of 
the  reign  the  House  of  Commons  did  not  represent  the  people. 

1.  Because  dominated  by  the  Whig  oligarchy  (Green,  IV, 

124,  210  ff., passim). 
a.     Walpole    ministry,     1721-1741  :    character    and 

policy  of  Walpole. 
h.     Ministry  of  Cartaret  (Lord  Granville),  1741-1744. 

c.  Henry  Pelham,  1744-1754. 

d.  Duke  of  Newcastle,   1754-1756    (brother  of  H. 

Pelham). 

e.  William  Pitt,   1756-1761  :  Newcastle  at  head  of 

treasury ;  popularity  of  Pitt ;  his    policy ;   his 
oratory  ;  elements  of  his  greatness. 

2.  Because  of  its  composition. 

a.     Restrictions  on  the  electoral  franchise. 
6.     Borough  representation. 

1.  Creation    of    parliamentary   boroughs    by 

royal  charter  in  reign   of  Charles  II 
(see  May). 

2.  *' Pocket,"    "nomination,"    and    "rotten 

boroughs  "  ;  sale  of  seats  controlled 
by  peers. 

3.  Officiai  influence  in  large  towns. 

4.  Disfranchisement  of  large  cities. 


I 


27 

c.  Conservative  control  of  county  representation. 

d.  Condition  of  Scotcli  and  Irish  representation. 

e.  Dishonest  trial  of  election  petitions  :    The  Gren- 

ville  Act;  the  present  law  (see  May). 

III.  How  George  III  secured  control  of  the  House  of  Commons. 

1.  By  sale  of  seats  ;  the  "Nabobs." 

2.  By  the  distribution  of  ofllces,  civil,   military,  and  judi- 

cial ;   history  of  acts  restricting. 

3.  By  distribution  of  pensions  :  legal  and  secret  pensions  ; 

restrictive  legislation  (see  Creasy  and  May). 

4.  By  direct  bribery,  under  Bute,  Grenville,   Rockingham, 

and  North  (see  May). 

5.  By  public  loans  and  by  lotteries. 

IV.  How  George  III  subdivided  the  Whig  factions  and   asserted 
the  right  both  to  reign  and  govern,  1760-1770. 

1.  Theory  of  government. 

a.  Meaning   of    ministerial    responsibility;    of    the 

maxim,    "  The  king  should  have  no  politics, 
can  do  no  wrong." 

b.  Danger  of  the  doctrine  asserted  by  George  III. 

2.  The  succession  of  Whig  ministries  or  factions. 

a.  Last  days  of  the  Pitt  ministry,  1760-1  ;  two-fold 

cause  of  the  fall. 

b.  Bute  ministry,  1762-3  :  character  of  Bute  ;  signifi- 

cance  of   his    being    a    Scot    (see   Letters   of 
Junius). 

c.  Grenville,  1763-1765:  character;  the  stamp  act. 
cl.     Rockingham,  1765-1766  :  leader  of  main  branch 

of  the  Whigs. 
e.     Chatham,  1766-8. 

1.  Attempts  to  form  a  ministry,  1763,  1765  : 
why  did  he  fail? 

2.  On    what     principle    was    the     ministry 

formed,  1766? 

3.  He  retires,  1767;  Grafton  remains  acting 

premier. 

4.  Pitt  and  the  American  war. 

/.     Lord    North,    1770-1782:  the    king    triumphant; 
character  and  intellect  of  North. 

GENERAL   REFEREXCES   FOR   THE    AGE   OF   GEORGE    III. 

Source  Materials :  Adams  and  Stepheriis,  492  ff. ;  Calendar  of  Home  Office 
Papers,  1760-75,  3  vols.;  Cobbetl's  Parliamentary  History;  Hansard's  Debates ; 
Woodfall,  Letters  of  Junius  ;  Walpole,  Memoirs  of  the  Court  of  George  II ;   lb.. 


28 

Memoirs  of  the  Coui-t  of  George  III \  Letters;  Hervey,  Memoirs;  Russell,  Me- 
morials and  Correspondence  of  Charles  fames  Fox ;  Wilkes,  North  Bi'iton; 
Donne's  Correspondence  between  George  III  and  Lord  N'orth ;  Statutes  of  the 
Realm  ;  and  the  other  materials  mentioned  in  the  "  Select  Bibliography." 

Secondary  Anthorities  :  Mahon,  Hi storv  of  England  {Xl\2>-^^)\  M2i^^Qy,  Hist.of 
England  during  the  Reign  of  George  III;  Adolphus,  Historv  of  England  (1760- 
1820);  Lecky,  England  in  the  iStli  Centiirv,  III,  1-288;  May,  Constitutional  His- 
tory, I,  15  ft'.,  263-5  {parliamentary  representation)  ;  Green,  lY,  137  ft'.,  156 
ft.,  166  ft'.,  176  ft".  (Pitt),  11)7  ft'.  (George  III  and  America),  213  (George  III  and 
Parliament);  Hosraer,  Anglo-Saxon  Liberty,  chap,  xiii;  Trevelyan,  American 
Revolution  ;  lb.,  Early  History  of  Charles  James  Fox;  Rnssell,  Life  and  limes  of 
.  .  Fox ;  Stanhope,  Life  of  .  .  William  Pitt  ;  Fitzgerald,  Life  and  Times  of 
fohn  Wilkes;  y^2i\tQ,  Life  of  the  Duke  of  Welli?igton  :  Goldwin  Smith,  United 
Kingdom,  II,  195  ft'.;  Earle,  English  Premiers  Jrom  Sir  Robert  Walpole  to  Robert 
Peel ;  Adams,  Eng.  Party  Leaders  and  Eng.  Parties  from  Walpole  to  Peel. 


Sect.  II.     The   Relations  of   the  Parliament   to  the    Crown, 
THE  Law,  and  the  People  (May,  I,  cli.  vii.,  364-463). 

I.     The   struggle  with   Wilkes :    abuse  of  parliamentary  privilege 
and  violation  of  liberty  of  the  subject. 

I.     Parliament  of  1763-1768. 

a.     The   alleged  libel  in  "  North  Briton,"    No.  45. 

General  character  of  the  "North  Briton." 
h.     "General  warrants":   arrest  of  Wilkes  and  the 

printers  (May,  II,  245  ff.,   HI   ff.)  ;   general 

search    warrants    declared    illegal    (May,    II, 

249-252). 

c.  Illegal  proceedings  in  the  Commons  ;  proceedings 

in  the  King's  Bench :  Wilkes  outlawed  and 
absconds ;  he  is  expelled  from  the  House ; 
actions   for  damage  (May,   II,  247-9;  I,  364 

ff.) 

d.  Proceedings  in  the  Lords  :    The  Essay  on  Woman 

and  the  Veni  Creator  ;   the  Droit  Le  Roy  (May, 
I,  369;   II,  111). 
2.     Parliament  of  1768-1774. 

a.  Imprisonment  by  King's  Bench,  1768,  for  out- 
lawry and  libel. 

b-  Elected  for  Middlesex  :  his  expulsion ;  grounds 
of;  rights  of  constituents  violated  (May,  I, 
370-1). 

c.  Wilkes  thrice  reelected  ;  the  case  of  seating  Col. 

Lutrell  (May,  I,  374-5). 

d.  Efforts  to  reverse  proceedings  of  the  Commons ; 

position  of  Chatham  ;  of  Grenville,  Rocking- 
ham, and  others. 


29 

II.  The  struggle  for  publication  of  debates. 

1.  The  privilege  of  excludiug  strangers  ;  origin  and  relaxa- 

tion of  the  right  (May,  I,  384  ff.) 

2.  Exclusions,    1770    (May,   I,   386-88);  contest  between 

the  Houses. 

3.  Contest  of  the  Commons  with  the  printers,  1771. 

a.  Progress  of  reporting  and  publication  of  debates. 

b.  Misrepresentations  of  reporters  (May,  I,  392-4). 

c.  Complaints  against  Thompson  and  Wheble,  1771  ; 

against  others. 

d.  Struggle  with  the  Mayor  and  aldermen  of  London. 

e.  Liberty  of  reporting  established  ;  present  state  of 

the  law. 
/.     Publication  of  division  lists. 

III.  Publication  of  parliamentary  reports  and  papers. 

1.  Publication  of  statistical  and  financial  reports. 

2.  Publication  of  other  documents. 
TV.     Petitions  to  Parliament. 

1.  The  practice  in  the  Middle  Ages. 

2.  Petitions  to  the  Long  Parliament. 

3.  Practice  after  restoration  ;  petitions  restrained  by  statute 

(May,  I,  411). 

4.  Petitions,  1688-1779  :  httle  use  of. 

5.  Origin  of   modern  system,  1779;  the  Gordon  petitions 

and  riots. 

6.  Petitions    for    Parliamentary    reform    and    abolition    of 

slave  trade,  1782  ;   the  practice  to  1824. 

7.  Increase  of  number  of  petitions  since  1824. 

8.  1839  :  Debates  on   presentation  of  petitions  forbidden 

by  statute   (May,  I,  417). 

V.  Pledges  of  members. 

1.  Rise  of  the  practice. 

2.  The  importance  of  the  principle  involved. 

VI.  Privileges  abandoned. 

1.  Those  of  servants,  1770. 

2.  Immunity  of  members   and   servants   from    distress  of 

goods  and  civil  suits  abandoned,  1772. 

3.  Kneeling  of  prisoners  at  the  bar  abandoned,  1772. 

4.  Privilege  and  the  courts. 

a.  The  Burdett  case,  1810. 

b.  The   Hansard   cases,  1836  fif.  ;   question  of  right 

of    Parliament   to    publish    papers    affecting 
character. 

c.  The  act  of  3  and  4  Victoria  (May,  I,  426-7). 

d.  The  case  of  Howard  vs.  Gosset. 


30 

REFEKENCES. 

Adams  and  Stephens,  492-3  (decisions  on  general  warrants ;  Howell, 
State  Trials^  vol.  XIX,  pp,  1026-7,  1067);  May,  I,'  II  (as  cited)  ;  Taylor,  II; 
Green,  IV,  220  8'.;  243  fl'. ;  Palgrave's  House  of  Commons,  111  ft',;  liogers, 
Historical  Cleajiings,  131-185;  Taswell-Langmead,  771  ft".;  E  an  some,  222  ft'.  ; 
Lecky,  III,  76  ft'.,  139  ft'.;  Bright,  III,  1043  ft'.;  Woodfall's  Junius,  I,  257  ff. 
(letter  to  George  III);  Wilkes,  AWth  Briton,  I.  263-272  (No.  45);  Fitzger- 
ald, Life  and  Times  of  John  Wilkes. 


Sect.  III.     The  Struggle  for  Reform  of  Parliamentary 
Representation,   1766-1885. 

I.  Social  and  political  conditions  at  the  beginning  of  the  agitation 
for  reform  (May,  I,  310-312). 

1.  Social  degradation. 

2.  Political  corruption. 

3.  "  How  popular  principles  were  kept  alive." 

II.  Suggestions  and  unsuccessful  attempts  for  reform,  1766-1830. 

1.  Criticisms    and   suggestions    of   Chatham,    1766,    1770 

(Walpole,  Memoirs,  IV,  58). 

2.  Scheme  of  Wilkes,  1776  :  its  enlightened  principles. 

3.  Duke  of  Richmond's  Measure,  1780:    rejected  without 

division  :  popular  demands  and  petitions. 

4.  Pitt's  schemes. 

a.  His  motion  for  a  committee  of  inquiry,  1782. 

b.  His  three  resolutions,  1783  (May,  I,  315  ff.). 

c.  Favors  the  Yorkshire  petition,  1784. 

d.  His  Bill,  1885  :  its  objectionable  features. 

5.  Flood's  motion,  1790. 

6.  Plans  of  the  "Friends  of  the  People"  headed  by  Grey 

and  Erskine,  1792-1797  (May,  I,  319-321). 
a.     Grey's  notice,  1792. 
h.     His  mr.tions  of  1793,  1797. 

7.  Burdett's  scheme,  1809  :  electoral  districts,  franchise  to 

be  vested  in  male  taxpayers;  in  1818  he  pro- 
poses universal  male  suffrage,  ballot,  equal  election 
districts,  etc. 

8.  Lord  John  Russell's  measures. 

a.     1820,  three  resolutions  (May,  I,  324). 

h.     The  Grampound    disfranchisement    bill,   1820, 

1821  (Adams  and  Stephens,  507-8). 
c.     Motions  of  1821,  1822-3,  1826. 

9.  Blaudford's  motion,  1829-1830. 


31 

III.  The  Reform  act  of  1832  (Adams  and  Stephens,  514-26). 

1.  Immediate  causes  of  the  final  struggle. 

a.  Leicester  and  Northampton  cases,  1826-7. 

b.  Penryn   and  East  Retford  cases,   1826-8 ;  weak 

policy  of  opposition. 

c.  Attempts  to  enfranchise  Leeds,  Birmingham,  and 

Manchester,  1830:  why  resisted? 

d.  Death  of  George  IV  ;  deposition  of  Charles  X  of 

France. 

2.  Duke  of  Wellington's  ministry;  his  foolish  declaration 

cause  of  fall. 

3.  Lord  Grey's  ministry  :  cause  of  dissolution'of  Parliament  ? 

4.  Debates    on    the   three    successive    Reform   Bills    (see 

Molesworth,  McCarthy,  Heaton,  and  AYalpole,  as 
cited  below). 

5.  Provisions    of   Act   of    1832 ;    as    to    counties,    as    to 

boroughs. 

6.  Reform  Acts  for  Ireland  and  Scotland  (May,  I,  340). 

IV.  Reform  agitations  and  measures,  1832-1867  (May,  I,  340-363  ; 
Heaton,  133  ff.). 

V.  Reform  bill  of  1867,  1884,  1885  (Wilson,  State,  396-8;  May, 
II,  586  ff  ;  Heaton,  133  ff.  ;  McCarthy,  Our  Own  Times,  II, 
219  ff. ;  Adarns  and  Stephens,  553-5). 

VI.  The  ballot  law,  1872:  previous  mode  of  election,  its  evils: 
significance  of  the  change  (Adams  and  Stephens,  540-3). 


REFEFENCES. 

U&nssird's  £>el?afc's  ;  Lee,  519-29  ;  Gre}',  TAe  Reform  Act  of  i8t^2  ;  Moles- 
worth,  Hist,  of  the  Reform,  Bill,  1832;  Cox,"  History  of  the  Reform  Bills  of  18H6 
ttnd  1867;  May,  I,  310-G3;  II,  579  ff . ;  Wilsoii,  State,  396-8;  Taylor,  II; 
Fonblanqne,  chap,  v;  Green,  IV,  246  ff.,  287,  292:  McCarthy,  Epoch  of  Re- 
form, 'iQ-^^;  lb.,  Own  Times,  I,  58-9.  60,  180,  II,  219  ff. ;  Molesworth,  ^/>/. 
Eng.,  I,  1-229;  Walpole,  Hist.  Eng.,  Ill,  chap,  xi  ;  lb.,  Electorate  ajid  Legisla- 
ture, chap,  iii;  Heaton,  Three  Reforms;  Knight,  England,  VIII,  70  ff. ;  Bright, 
England,  IV,  1415-32  ;  Gneist,  Hist  Par^.  887  fii ;  Martineau,  Hist,  of  the 
Peace,  II,  413  ff.  ;  Boutmy,  202  ff. ;  Amos,  18,  33,  38,  107,  464  ;  Grey,  Pari. 
Gov't  and  Reform  ;  Taswell-Langraead,  759  ff.  ;  Smith,  Hist.  Pari.,  II,  449  ff.; 
Goklwin  Smith,  United  Kingdom,  II,  341  ff. ;  Ward,  Reign  of  Victoria,  I,  25 
ft.;  McCarthy,  Story  of  the  People  of  England  in  the  Nineteenth  Centurv ;  Wal- 
pole, Life  of  Lord  John  Russell ;  Reid,  Lord  John  Rtissell :  Dunckley,  Lord 
Melbourne;  IVIyers,  Lord  Althort).  See  also  tlie  various  works  by  Torrens  and 
Lucy  ;  and  the  biographies  of  Peel,  Derby,  Disraeli,  and  Gladstone. 


32 

Sect.  IV.     The  Stkuggle  for  Religious  and  Civil  Liberty. 

I.  Origin  and  history  of  Civic  and  Religious  disabilities,  to  1760 
(May,  II,  ch.  xiii,  pp.  291-313.  See  also  preceding  syllabi 
and  references). 

1.  Establishment  of  the  Reformed  church  in  England. 

a.  Policy  of    Elizabeth :  oaths  of    Supremacy   and 

Comformity ;   civil  disabilities. 

b.  Rise  of  non-conformity. 

c.  Catholic  faith  associated  with  treason. 

d.  Close  connection  of  the  church  with  the  state. 

2.  The  Scotch  Reformed  Church;    anomalous  position  of 

the  Irish  Protestant  Church;  reform  forced  upon 
Ireland. 

3.  State  of  religious  liberty  under  James  I  and  Charles  I. 

4.  Restrictive  legislation  of  the  Restoration  period  ;  perse- 

cutions. 

a.  Corporation  Act. 

b.  Five  Mile  Act. 

c.  Conventicle  Act. 

d.  Test  Acts,  1765,  1773  (sacrament  and  renuncia- 

tion of  transubstautiation  for  temporal  office  : 
Hallam,  II,  151). 

5.  Toleration  Act,  1689. 

a.  Does  not  repeal  statutes  exacting  uniformity. 

b.  Relieves  dissenting  ministers  from  various  penal- 

ties (May,  II,  305). 

c.  Requires    subscription    to    Thirty-nine   Articles, 

except  4. 

d.  Quakers  indulged. 

e.  No  toleration  for  Unitarians  or  Catholics  ;  Act  of 

1760  against  Catholics  (May,  II,  306). 

6.  Oath  of  Abjuration,  13  W.  I.     (Hallam,  II,  403). 

7.  Cruel  laws  against  Catholics  of  Ireland ;  and  those  of 

England,  1700-1760. 

8.  How  Dissenters  evaded  the  laws. 

a.  "  Occasional  Conformity." 

b.  "  Acts  of  Indemnity"  (May,  II,  308). 

9.  State  of  the  church  and  religion  at  the   accession  of 

George  III ;  influence  of  Wesley  and  Whitefield ; 
revival  of  old  dissenting  sects ;  state  of  Irish  and 
Scotch  churches. 


33 

Sect.  V.     The  Struggle  for  Religious  And  Civil  Liberty 

( Continued) . 

I.  Progress  of  Agitation  and  Legislation,   1810-1820   (May,  II, 
ch.  xiii). 

1.  Why  the  Regent  disappointed  the  hope  of  reformers. 

2.  Relief  to  Protestant  dissenting  ministers,  1812;  and  to 

Unitarians,  1813. 

3.  Various  efforts  to  relieve  Catholics ;  work  of  Grattan, 

Canning,  and  Plunkett. 

4.  Relief  of  naval  and  military  officers  in   England,  1813- 

1817  (May,  II,  356). 

5.  Failure  to  relieve  from  declaration  against  transubstan- 

tiation,  1819.     Death  of  Grattan,  1820. 

II.  The  reign  of  George  IV,  1820-1830  :  Emancipation  secured. 

1.  Roman  Catholic  Peers  Bill  rejected,  1822. 

2.  Ineffectual  attempts  to  amend  the  marriage  laws,  1819- 

1827. 

3.  Death  of  Canning,  1827. 

4.  The  final  struggle,  1828-9. 

a.     Relief  of  Dissenters  by  repeal  of  the  Corporations 
and  Test  Acts,  1828. 

1.  Position  of  the  Wellington  ministry. 

2.  Liberality  of  the  English  bishops. 

3.  Bigotry  of  certain  lay  peers. 

4.  Substance  of  the  act ;  significance  of  the 

declaration  :   "On  the  true  faith  of  a 
Christian." 
6.     Emancipation  of  the  Catholics,  1829  (Adams  and 
Stephens,  510-13;  Lee,  497-518). 

1.  Influence  of  the  (Clare)  election  of  O'Con- 

nell,  1824  (May,  II,  371). 

2.  Influence  of  the  "  Catholic  Association." 

3.  Opposition  of  the  King  and  Bishops. 

4.  The  three  measures  carried. 

a.  Abolition  of  the  association. 

b.  Emancipation. 

c.  Reform  of  Irish  franchise. 

III.  Removal  of  Jewish  disabilities. 

1.  Nature  of  Jewish  disabilities  (May,  II,  383). 

2.  Grant's  motions,  1830-1834  (May,  II,  383-386). 

3.  1839  :  admitted  to  oath. 

4.  1845  :  admitted  to  corporations. 

5.  Admission  to  Parliament. 

a.     Case  of  Baron  Rothschild,  1849-50. 


34 

b.  Case  of  Mr.  Solomons,  1851. 

c.  Attempt  to  admit  by  declaration,  1857. 

d.  Disabilities     Act     passed,     1858     (Adams     and 
Stephens,  531-2). 

IV.  The     struorgle     for     the    abolution     of     compulsory    tithes 
(McCarthy,  Epoch  of  Eeform,  ch.  viii ;   May,   II.  402  ff.,   598). 

1.  The  struggle,  1832-3  (see  McCarthy)  :  the  questions  of 

the    appropriation   of    surplus  revenue    and    com- 
mutation. 

2.  The  Braintree  cases,  1837-1853  (see  May). 

3.  Compulsory  rates  abolished,  1868  (May,  II,  598). 

V.  Irish  Church  disestablished,  1869. 

1.  History  of  the  Church  in  England  (May,  II,  444-459). 

2.  Maynooth  College  established. 

3.  Disestablishment  of  the  Church,  1869. 


Sect.  VI.     The  Struggle  for  Economic  Emancipation. 
A.     Belief  of  the    Working  Classes.     ' 

I.  Legislation  relating  to  work  in  Mines  (Ward's  Victoria^  I, 
58-9,  II,  49-50,  63-5;  Molesworth,  II,  83-4;  McCarthy's  Epoch 
0/ i?e/or7M,  93-98 ;  Walpole,  IV,  372;  especially  Hodder's  Life 
of  Shaftesbury,  I,  137-139,  413-51,  II,  356,  III,  386-7,  passim). 

1.  Child-jobbing  for  mines  and  factories  (Hodder,  I,  137-9  ; 

Molesworth,  II,  84). 

2.  Horrible  state  of  children  and  women  in  mines  (Hodder, 

I,  413  ff.  ;  Walpole,  IV,  372-3).     The  work  of  the 
Earl  of  Shaftesbury. 

3.  The  Commission  of  Inquiry,  1840  ;   its  report. 

4.  The  Mines  and  Collieries  Bill,  1842  (Hodder,  I,  429  ff.) 

a.  Speech  of  Shaftesbury. 

b.  Opposition  of  Cobden  ;  relation  of  the  mines  and 

factory  agitation  to  the  Chartist  and  Corn 
Law  movements. 

c.  Indifference  of  Lords  (Hodder,  I,  429-30). 

d.  Substance  of    the  Act    (Ward,   II,   64;    Moles- 

worth, II,  84-5;  McCarthy,  96-7):  employ- 
ment of  girls  and  women  under  ground  pro- 
hibited; and  that  of  boys  under  ten  years. 

e.  Later  acts  (Ward,  II,  64-5). 

II.  Factory  Legislation  (Ward,  I,  57  ff.  ;  II,  53  ff. ;  McCarthy, 
93  ff.;  Walpole,  IV,  356-63;  Hodder,  I,  131-169,  451  ff.,  and 
index  at  Factory  Legislation;   May,  II,  567). 


35 

1.  Relation  of  the  old  paternal  and  restrictive  systems  to 

the  new  doctrine  of  state  socialism. 

2.  Degraded  condition  and  general  distress  of  the  English 

working  classes  (Ward,  II,  47-53  ;  Walpole,  IV, 
358-364;   Hodder,  I,  130  ff.)- 

3.  Horrors  of  the  factory  system   (Hodder,  I,   139)  ;  the 

abuse  of  apprenticeship;  hosiery  trade  (Ward). 

4.  Early  legislation  (Ward,  II,  50-4;  Hodder,  I,  141  ff.). 

a.  The  first  Sir  Robert  Peel's  Act,  1802,  for  relief 

of  apprentices  (Hodder,  I,  14). 

b.  Peel's   Act,    1819 ;    use   of   children   under  nine 

prohibited ;    young     persons     under     s'xteen 
limited  to  twelve  hours. 

c.  Hobhouse's  Act,  1825. 

5.  General  movement  for  short  hours   and  reform,   1830 

(Ward,  II,  53  ff.  ;  Hodder,  I,  143  ff.,  II,  188  ft\). 
a.     Richard  Castler's   letter  to  the  Leeds'  Mercury^ 

1830;   work  of  Sadler. 
h.     The  Ten-hour  Bill,  1831-3  (work  of  Shaftesbury). 

c.  The  Poor  Law  Conspiracy. 

d.  Ten  Hours  Act  passed,   1847   (Hodder,  II,  188 

ff.). 
III.     Relief  of  the  chimney  sweeps  :  Shaftesbury's  work  (see  Hod- 
der, index). 

B.     The  Corn  Laivs  and  the  Struggle  for  their  Abolition 

McCarthy's  ^j90cA,  175-193;  McCarthy's  Own  Times,  I,  chap.  XIV;  Moles- 
worth,  II,  178-251,  112  £E. ;  Walpole,  IV,i392-G;  Martineau,  index;  May,  II,  183, 
572-3,  81,  239;  Bright,  IV;  Knight,  VIII;  Muller,  Fol.  Hist.,  index;  Fyffe, 
Modern  Europe,  index;  Bisset,  Anti-Corn  Law  Struggle. 

I.     Origin  and  development  of  restrictive  legislation  to  1838. 

1.  Tha  law  of  1815. 

a.  Based  on  that  of  1770. 

b.  Substance :    Practically   forbids    importation   of 

foreign  wheat  until  home  price  shall  reach  80s. 
the  quarter  (8  bu.). 

c.  Land  owner's  measure  and  hostile  to  trade. 

d.  Results  :  price  sinks  to  45  s.  :  causes  (Walpole, 

IV,  392,  note  1). 

2.  Law  of   1822  :  imports    forbidden   until   price   reaches 

70s. 

3.  The  law  of  1828. 

a.  The    sliding    scale :  this    is   the   Tory    plan    as 

opposed  to  the  policy  of  fixed  import  rates  of 
Russell  and  the  Whigs. 

b.  Results  (Walpole,  IV,  394). 


36 

II.     The  Corn  Laws  and  victory. 

1.  The  effect  on  economic  legislation  of  the  Reform  Act  of 

1832. 

2.  Hume's  motion  lost,  1834;  motion  for  repeal  of  the  corn 

laws  lost,  1837  :  signs  of  a  change  of  sentiment. 

3.  Origin  of  the  League. 

a.  The  London  Association  of  1836. 

b.  The   Manchester   Association    of    1838 ;  rise   of 

Cobden    and    Bright ;    work    of    Villiers ;    the 
League  formed. 

c.  The    industrial   depression    of    1837-1842 ;    high 

prices  of  grain  ;  distress  (Walpole,  IV,  362  ; 
Wright's  lieport  on  Industrial  Depressions ; 
McCarthy's  Epoch^  178-9). 

d.  Work  of   the   League ;    circulars,    lectures,   and 

meetings;  "taxed"  and  "untaxed"  loaves 
(Walpole,  IV,  397j;  growing  minorities  for 
Villiers'  motions. 

4.  The   Whig    ministry   of   Melbourne    superseded   by  the 

Conservative  ministry  of  Sir  Robert  Peel,  18.41-6. 
a.     Anomaly  of  Peel's  position  ;   his  gradual  conver- 
sion to  free  trade  (McCarthy's  Epoch,  185). 
6.     Continued  struggle  to  1845. 

c.  The  Irish  Potato   Famine,  1845,  and   its   effect 

(McCarthy's  Epoch^  180;  McCarthy's  Ow7i 
Tiones,  ch.  17;   MolesworUi,  II,  205). 

d.  The  measure  carried,  1846. 

e.  The  rise   of   Disraeli ;  his    speech    against   Peel 

marks  his  leadership  of  Tory  protectionist 
party  (see  McCarthy's  Ow7i  Times). 

5.  Repeal  of  sugar  duties  and  navigation  laws,  1846-1849 

(Molesworth,     II,    157    ff. ;    McCarthy's     EpocJi, 
189  ff.). 

C.  The  Struggle  for  the  Peop}le's  Charter  {Chartism),  1837-1848. 
(Molesworth,  II,  chap.  V  ff.,  252  ff. ;  McCarthy's  Epoch,  193-208 ;  Mc- 
Carthy's Owji  Times,  I,  84-103,  II,  9-38,  chap.  18;  Walpole,  IV,  379-92;  Mar- 
tineau,  index;  Bright,  III,  IV;  Knight,  VIII ;  l^y  fie,  Modern  Europe,  index: 
Muller,  Pol.  Nist.^  index  ;  Gammage,  The  Chartist  Movement. 

I.     Origin  of  the  Movement. 

1.  Dissatisfaction  of  the  laboring  classes  with  the  Reform 

Act  of  1832  ;   Russell's  declaration  that  reform  was 
closed. 

2.  Early  agitation  for  the  Chartist  principles  :  Paine,  Tooke, 

Grey    (Walpole,    IV,    380-1);    Burdett,    Cobbett, 
Hunt,  and  others,  1817-1832. 


37 

3.     Distress  causes  a  revival  of  the  movement  in  1837-8. 

a.  The  name  given  b}^  O'Connell. 

b.  The  Birmingham  meeting. 

c.  The  Six  Points  :  ballot,  universal  suffrage  (man- 

hood suffrage),  annual  parliaments,  abolition 
of  property  qualification  for  members  of  Par- 
liament, payment  of  members,  electoral 
districts. 

II.  History  of  the  Movement,  1837-1841. 

1.  1838:  monster  meetings;   proposed  suppression;  Rus- 

sell defends  (Walpole,  IV,  182-3). 

2.  Attorney- General  Campbell's  funeral  oration,  1839  (see 

McCarthy). 

3.  Meeting  of  200,000  at  Kersal  Moor. 

a.  Incendiary  speeches  of  Stephens  ("Walpole,  IV, 

383-4). 

b.  Arrest,  trial,  and  conviction  of  Stephens. 

c.  Petitions  presented  by  Fielden  and  Lord  Stanhope 

to  Parliament. 

4.  Leaders:    Feargus     O'Connor;    Lovett,     Secretary    of 

Workingmen's  Association;  Vincent,  a  com- 
positor; Ernest  Jones,  on  Northern  Star 
(Walpole,  IV,  384). 

5.  The  National  Convention  in  London ;  petition  rejected 

by  the  Commons  :  causes  riots. 

6.  Riots  in  Birmingham,  1841  ;   the  city  sacked  ;  police  and 

army  strengthened  ;   Vincent  and  Lovett  sentenced  ; 
other  measures  and  convictions. 

7.  Frost  and  the  march  on  Newport,  in  South  Wales,  1841. 

a.  Failure  of  the  attack. 

b.  Trial  of  Frost  and  others. 

III.  The  second  movement,  1848. 

1.  The  year  of  revolution,  1848. 

2.  The  Chartist  Convention  in  London. 

3.  Meeting  on  Kennington  Common,  April  10,  1848;  the 

petition  to  Parliament  (McCarthy's  Own  Times^  II, 
16). 

4.  Collapse  of  the  movement. 

5.  Coincidence   of   Chartism  with   the   "  Young  Ireland" 

movement  (see  McCarthy's  two  works). 

REFERENCES. 

In  addition  to  the  literature  above  cited,  Hansard's  Debates,  the  Statutes, 
and  the  "  Bills  Public."  "  Reports,"  and  other  materials  comprised  in  the  Brit- 
ish Documents  ("  Blue  Books")  are  in  constant  requisition.  See  also  the  docu- 
ments contained  in  Lee,  530-41;  and  consult  Rogers,  Public  Addresses  of  John 
Bright;  Vince,  John  Bright;  Apjohn,  Richard  Gobdm  and  the  Free  Traders', 
Schwabe,  Reminiscencs  of  Richard  Cobden;  Traill,  Social  England,  VI. 


38 


Sect.  VII.     The  Elements  of  Cabinet-Parliamentary 
Government. 

I.  General  Principles  (Traill,  Central  Government^  1-2.) 

1.  Meaning   of   Parliamentary,   cabinet,   and   monarchical 

government  respectively. 

2.  Inter-relation  of  monarchy,  ministry,  and  Parliament. 

a.  Before  1688:  king  governed;  since  1688,  he  is 
"irresponsible"  and  "can  do  no  wrong;" 
but  for  a  time  controlled  foreign  and  military 
affairs. 

&.  Ministers  have  seats  in  Parliament,  belong  to  the 
party  of  the  majority  in  Commons,  and  are 
responsible.  This  principle  was  recognized, 
1696;  formally  declared  (by  Lord  Rochester), 
1711. 

II.  Development  of  the  Cabinet  (Traill,  Central  Government^  chap. 

ii). 

1.  The  cabinet  is  in  theory  practically  a  committee  of  the 

privy  council,  and  as  a  cabinet  is  not  known  to  the 
law.     (But  see  Anson,  as  cited). 
a.     Rise  of  the  Privy  Council  and  its   original  im- 
portance. 
6.     Attempt  of  Lord   Clarendon  (under  Charles  II) 
to  revive  the  Privy  Council :  four  committees 
constituted ;   that  for  foreign  affairs  absorbs 
nearly  all  functions. 

c.  Attempt  of  Sir  W.  Temple  to  revive  it,  1679  :  to 

consist  of  thirty  members ;  Temple  gives  it  up 
and  forms  an  inner  council  (Anson,  II). 

d.  Privy  Council  exists  : 

1.  As  a  legislative  body  under  authority  of 

Parliament. 

2.  As    an   administrative  body,   but  acts  in 

certain  committees    (to   be   mentioned 
later). 

3.  Frivy  Council,  as  a  body,  may  not  meet, 

except  under  presidency  of  the  sover- 
eign. 

2.  Difference  between  the  "  ministry"  and  the  "  cabinet." 

3.  Stages  in  the  growth  of  the  cabinet  (Traill,  24). 

a.  Before  Charles  I,  it  was  an  irregular  camarilla  : 
no  authoritative  position  separate  from  the 
Privy  Council. 


39 

h.  Under  Charles  I  and  Charles  II,  it  was  called 
"cabinet;"  without  recognized  status. 

c.  From  William   III  to  ca.    1783,   it  was    the   de 

facto,  not  the  cle  Jure ^  executive;  but  regarded 
with  jealousy. 

d.  In  the  nineteenth  century,  it  attains   full  devel- 

opment, resting   on    the    following  principles 
(Traill,  24-5). 

1.  Cabinet   consisting    of  members    of  Parlia- 

ment. 

2.  Of  ministers  of  same  political  views,  chosen 

from    the     party    of     majority    in     the  \ 
Commons. 

3.  Ministers  to  prosecute  a  concerted  policy. 

4.  Under  common  responsibility. 

5.  Under  common  subordination  to  one  chief, 

the  Premier. 

III.     Composition  of  the  cabinet  and  ministry. 

1.  The  appointment  of  the  cabinet  ^^ Wilson,  State,  383  ff.  ; 

Anson,  II,  122). 

2.  The  Prime  Minister  or  Premier ;  slow  evolution  of  the 

office  (Traill,  21-3;   Anson,  II,  116-122). 

a.  Relation  to  his  colleagues. 

b.  Relation  to  the  crown. 

3.  Members  of  the  cabinet  (20  in   number,   1902:  States- 

mail's  year  hook^  9-11). 
a.     Prime  Minister  and  Lord  Privy  Seal. 
h.     Lord  Chancellor. 

c.  Lord  President  of  the  Council. 

d.  First  Lord  of  the  Treasury. 

e.  Chancellor  of  the  Exchequer. 

/.  The  five  Secretaries  of  State  :  for  Home  Affairs, 
Foreign  Affairs,  Colonies,  India,  and  War. 

g.     First  Lord  of  Admiralty. 

li.  President  of  Board  of  Trade,  President  of  the 
Board  of  Agriculture,  Chief  Secretary  for  Ire- 
land, President  of  Local  Government  Board, 
Secretary  for  Scotland. 

i.  Lord  Lieutenant  of  Ireland,  Lord  Chancellor  of 
Ireland,  First  Commissioner  of  Works,  Post- 
master General. 

4.  Rule  as  to  re-election  of  a  member  of  the  Commons  who 

enters  the  cabinet?     How  may  a  member  resign? 
The  "  Chiltern  Hundreds." 


40 

5.  When  must  a  ministry  resign?     Wliat  is  the  effect  of 

resignation  on  Parliament? 

6.  Theory  of  united  responsibility;  of  individual  responsi- 

bility. 

7.  Rules  of  Procedure  in  cabinet  deliberations. 

8.  Initiative  of  the  cabinet  in  legislation. 

IV.     The  Administrative  department. 

1.  The   five    great    "offices"    of    State    (Wilson,    387-8; 

Traill,  55-162;   Anson,  II,  137  ff.). 

2.  The  Treasury  (Wilson,  389-90;  Traill,  31-54;  Anson, 

II,  161). 

a.  Evolution  of  the  Department. 

b.  Relation  of  Chancellor  of  the  Exchequer  and  the 

First  Lord  of  the  Treasury. 

c.  Subordinate  to  the  Treasury  is  the  office  of  Public 

Works. 

3.  The  Admiralty  Board  or  Naval  Office. 

a.  A  commission  of  six  members. 

b.  Composed  of  the  First  Lord  and  five  Junior  Lords 

of  the  Admiralty. 

4.  The  Board  of  Trade. 

a.  In  form  a  committee  of  the  Privy  Council. 

b.  Composed  of  a  President  who  possesses   practi- 

cally all  the  powers  and  of  certain  members 
ex  q^cio  (Wilson,  388). 

c.  Functions :  oversees    commercial    affairs ;   super- 

intends state  railways  ;  inspects  passenger  and 
merchant  vessels  ;  is  the  Statistical  Bureau  of 
the  Kingdom,  etc. 

5.  Local  Government  Board  :  practically  the  English  De- 

partment of  the  Interior  (Wilson,  389). 

a.  In  form  a  committee  of  the  Privy  Council. 

b.  Composed,  like  Board  of  Trade,  of  a  President 

and  members  ex  officio  with  same  relative 
powers. 

c.  Functions. 

1.  General. 

2.  Special ;  includes  post-office  and  telegraph 

(Wilson,  389). 

6.  Departments  of  the  Privy  Council. 

a.  The  Educational  Department. 

b.  The  Agricultural  Department. 


41 

REFERENCES. 

Traill,  Central  Government,  chaps.  I,  II;  Macaulay,  1,232;  "Wilson's  xS^a^^, 
378  ff. ;  Fonblanque,  How  we  are  Governed,  Letter  VI;  Hallam,  II,  393-9;  Es- 
cott,  372-3;  Gneist,  Constitutional  If istory,  inde-x.;  lb..  Hist,  of  Parliament;  Tas- 
well-Langmead,  696-715;  Amos,  Fifty  Years  of  Eng.  Const.,  266  ff. ;  Anson,  Law 
and  Custom  of  the  Const.,  II.  95-132;  Bagehot,  Const.  Hist.;  Bryce,  Am.  Common- 
wealth, I ;  Allard,  Parliamentary  Elections ;  Clifford,  Private  Bill  Legislation; 
Torrens,  History  of  Cabinets;  lb.,  Reform  of  Procedure  in  Parliament;  Ewald,  The 
Crown  and  Its  Advisers;  May,  Treatise  on  the  Law,  Privileges,  Proceedings,  and 
Usage  of  Parliament;  Macdonagh,  The  Hook  of  Parliament;  Lewis,  Essays  on 
the  Administration  of  Great  Britain;  Macpherson,  Baronage  and  Senate;  Court- 
ney, The  Working  Constitution;  Harris,  History  of  Ihe  Radical  Party  in  Parlia- 
ment; Skottowe,  Short  History  of  Parliament;  Bisset,  Short  History  of  the  Eng. 
Parliament;  Smith,  History  of  Parliament;  Jennings,  Anecdotal  History  of  the 
British  Parliament;  Kinnear,  Our  House  of  Commons:  its  Realities  and  Romance; 
Palgrave,  House  of  Commons;  Pike,  House  of  Lords;  Todd,  Parliamentary 
Government;  Cox,  Institutions  of  the  English  Government. 


42 


SELECT   BIBLIOGRAPHIES. 


I.     Bibliographies. 

Adaps,  C.  K.     Manual  of  Historical  Literature.     New  York,  1882. 

Catfrall,  R.  ^.  H.  Some  Kecent  Literature  on  Oliver  Cromwell:  in  Year. 
Book  of  the  Bibliographical  Society,  1900-1,  pp,  32-50.     Chicago,  1901. 

Gardiner,  S.  R.,  and  Mullinger,  J.  B.  Introduction  to  the  Study  of  English 
History,  pp.  331-^04.     London,  1881. 

Gross,  Charles.  Bibliography  of  British  Municipal  History.  New  York, 
1897. 

Lee,  G.  C.     Source-Book,  pp.  2-61.     New  York,  1900. 

Medlicott,  Mary.     The  Cromwell  List.     Springtleld,  1899. 

Medlicott,  Mary.  Annotated  List  of  Books  and  Articles  for  the  study  of 
Cromwell  and  his  Times  (an  expansion  of  the  preceding  List)  :  in  Bul- 
letin of  Bibliography,  Vol.  II,  nos  3-6.     Boston  Book  Co.,  1900-1. 

II.    Books  Recommended  as  Texts  for  Continuous  Reading. 

Gardiner,  S.  R.     The  Puritan  Revolution. 
Hale,  Edward.     Fall  of  the  Stuarts. 
McCarthy,  Justin.     The  Epoch  of  Reform. 

May,  T.  E.     Constitutional  History  of  England.     2  vols.     New  York. 
Taylor,  Hannis.     Origin  and  Growth  of  the  English  Constitution.     Vol.  II. 
Boston,  1898. 

HI.     i:^ouRCES  Recommended  for  Class  Use. 

Adams,  George  Burton,  and  Stephens,  H.  Morse.  Select  Documents  of 
English  Parliamentary  History.     New  York  and  London,  1901. 

Carlyle,   Thomas.     Cromwell's  Letters   and  speeches.     2  vols.     New  York, 

Colby,  C.  W.  Selections  from  the  sources  of  English  History.  London  and 
New  York,  1899. 

Gardiner,  S.  R.     Constitutional  Documents.     Oxford,  1889. 

Lee,  G.  C.     Source-Book  of  English  History.     New  York,  1900. 

Stainer,  Charles  L.  Speeches  of  Oliver  Cromwell.  London  and  New  York, 
1901. 

IV.     Important  Sources.* 

Anglia  Rediviva  :  England's  Recovery.     Ed.  by  J.  Sprigg.    New  ed.    Oxford, 

1854. 
Auckland  Correspondence  (1782-1814).     London,  1861-2. 
Baillie,    Robert.      Letters    and    Journal    (1637-G2).     3    vols.      Edinburgh, 

1841-2. 
Bedford  Correspondence  (1742-70).     Ed.  by  Russell.     London,  1842-6. 
Boscobel  Tracts.     Ed.  by  Hughes.     2d  ed.     Edinburgh  and  London,  1857. 
British  Documents  (  "  Blue  Books"  ). 

*  Lack  of  eipace  prevents  anything  like  a  complete  list,   especially  for  the  nineteenth 
century. 


43 

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